User:Crystal ceecee/sandbox

The New Public Service is a model of governance that contains many diverse elements and views government, bureaucracy and public administration as constantly growing and evolving. Various models of governance effect how public service is administered and delivered. The New Public Service may be seen as a reform movement, set of ideas, a budding stage in the development of public administration, or all the above. The central tenet that ties together the different forms of New Public Service is the focus on serving and empowering citizens to create a more open bureaucracy with greater collaboration and citizen involvement in government. The New Public Service is arising as an alternative normative model to the current New Public Management normative model of governance. . It has gained continued support from scholars and public administrators across America and possibly globally, although it was born and developed in the United States. Natashaliu1993 (talk) 18:43, 28 April 2015 (UTC)

Definition
New Public Service derives from the word public service. Public service can be defined as the process or exchange of supplying something for the community or the individuals living in a community. Furthermore it is recognized as a benefiting factor verses a profit margin area. Now let's add the New in front. New means recently reborn or recreated. New Public Service is easily defined as the government’s reformed public administration and efforts to benefit the citizens. New Public Service is carried out by public servants, the idea of public service is based off new public administration. Although it is carried out by public servants, New Public Service is the reformed public service movement of the 21st century. New Public Service may be found in different forms whether it is an office held position, government official, military official, professor, or even a teacher. New Public Service is the civil service people partake in within their community or the world.

New Public Service focuses on a responsive government that facilitates collaboration between public administrators, politicians, and citizens. The New Public Service encourages greater citizen involvement. It believes in the notion of common interest and an open and accessible government, sets goals for this ideal government, and aims to work toward improving the current system by way of increasing contributions from individuals and the community as a whole. The New Public Service is centered around citizens, citizenship, and the public interest with a goal of increasing productivity, effectiveness, and accountability.

Themes
§    New Public Service's philosophical background holds a belief in shared values contributing to a notion of common public interest, and it holds that it is the job of public administrators and managers to help develop and protect the common interest of the people. The New Public Service reveals an optimistic view of human nature. It is highly centered around the notion of a greater common interest and empowering the community.

§    Seven Principles of New Public Service as argued by Denhardt & Denhardt
 * 1) 	Serve, rather than steer: the role of the public servant is to help citizens discover and acquire their shared interests, rather than to attempt to steer society in new directions.
 * 2) 	The public interest is the aim, not the by-product.
 * 3) 	Think strategically, act democratically.
 * 4) 	Serve citizens, not customers.
 * 5) 	Accountability isn’t simple.
 * 6) 	Value people, not just productivity
 * 7) 	Value citizenship and public service above entrepreneurship

§    The New Public Service model of governance shares many ideas and values with post-traditional thinking of governance and bureaucracy, as defined by David John Farmer in To Kill the King: Post-traditional Governance and Bureaucracy. This connection is made because both seek to change the status quo of the current system of governance and replace it with a model that is more open and productive. Both the New Public Service and post-traditionalism emphasize radically imaginative thinking throughout governance by encouraging open reflection and dialogue. By fostering greater citizen involvement in government the intellectual context of governance and its bureaucracy may evolve away from its hierarchal structure to one that is more horizontal so that individuals may have better understanding and in turn, foster greater intellectual capability and productivity in government. Natashaliu1993 (talk) 20:56, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

History/Origin
New Public service Origin

Public service is structure how society is run, and all the behavior that people display through out their daily lives. The Government is another way that the people come together, and making important decision that effect the economy. Weather big or small all outcomes effect everyone, and makes a new behavior of the community. That being said, where does the New Public service come? How did this all come to be in society, and even brought in to the U.S. Government. The New Public Service originated from public administration, and Public Management, which was developed by Mr. Robert and Janet Denhardt. Denhardt believe that the old ways of Classic Public Administration was not fair, and is becoming more and more attacked. Even though it original from the classic Public administration and public management, it still inherits the problems of the old, and was inefficient. The New Public service was created of the old principles to become better one. This involves the citizen to be more than just subject, but customers. People who can come together, and form a party to discuss the problems of community. Where compassion and the thought of the people can be voiced out. New Public Service is defined as ideas of which roles work within the democratic governance system, and civil engagement for the citizens. The foundation of New Public Service is dated back to the movements of public administration science at its start. It is principled off seven different principles such as, 1. Serve rather Than Steer; leaders should share power and passion than dominating, 2. Seek the public interest, to find out what the people really want. 3. Think strategically and act democratically, what is the best way to make the most of a strategy in the long term. 4. Serve citizens, not customers to make an effort to treat others as people and not subject to take lightly. 5. The value of citizenship and public service. For people to work with the administrators giving them there problems and ideas so it can be done with help from a professional. 6. Value the people not the Productivity, for value the work done with others, than one’s interest or gain. 7. Last of all the Accountability to know that system works, and does not depend on having certain levels of power. New Public Service continues down the timeline focusing state and local government. Not only in America, but though other foreign countries. This is important to the people, which are happy that the thoughts and word are being heard, and the state and local government helps the people. The History of Public Service is here to stay. "History of Public Administration Service." History of Public Administration Service. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Apr. 2015. http://www.pitt.edu/~picard/PAS/history.htm

Development
§    The field of public administration in America has included many different ideas, movements, and phases. In order to track the chronological development of public administration, it can be simplified into 3 main stages: "old" public administration, New Public Management, and now the growth of New Public Service model. Old public administration is government structured around a traditional bureaucracy with a hierarchal structure, rigid form, and anti-intellectualist attitude. Traditional bureaucracies developed during the industrial era and feature centralized authority with rigid top-down structure. This mode of governance favors viewing government as a machine. “When American public administration was created in the latter part of the nineteenth century… the machine model was the way that governmental administration was conceptualized” This model of governance emphasizes control and political neutrality in public administration; its goals are efficiency and rationality. The bureaucracy of old public administration is a closed system that limits citizen involvement and considers efficiency and rationality as the most important values. In the old public administration mindset, the job of public administrators is described by Gulick’s POSDCORB. An example of old public administration’s contribution is the checks and balances system that carefully channels and restricts power through reliance on procedural safe-guards in the government.

§    New Public Management (NPM) refers to a variety of ideas and practices that are focused on bringing private-sector practices and market mechanisms to the public sector. NPM originated in the 1970s public policy schools, gained support with the global “managerialist” movement, and thus began as a reform movement aiming to dismantle the old public administration system and run government more like a business. New Public Management has grown to become today’s normative model of public administration and includes adopting business values as well as techniques to the public sector. “The contemporary version of this debate in this country was sparked in the 1990s by President Clinton’s and Vice President Gore’s initiative to ‘make government work better and cost less’” The National Performance Review, established by the Clinton administration in 1993, exemplifies NPM values and beliefs of efficiency and reducing size of the government. The New Public Management continued developing through the turn of the century and scholars note that “… the New Public Management is clearly linked to the public choice perspective in public administration” This connection is made because both hold the common belief that human behavior is dominated by self-interest and government ought to be ran more like a business in order to reduce costs and increase efficiency. In this model, the hierarchal business structure is maintained so that public administrators are held accountable to politicians and citizens are seen as customers of public services. This movement has led to the privatization of many services that were previously offered by the government and decentralization of decision-making in the public sector. Supporters of the New Public Service argue that New Public Management relies too heavily on competition among government units as well as between government and private sectors and contest the effectiveness of a market-like form of public administration because it diminishes the cohesiveness of the public sector and unnecessarily reduces the size and scope of government. .

§    The New Public Service is focused on promoting citizen engagement, protecting the public interest, and fostering responsiveness in government. It aims to create a bureaucracy that is open instead of closed and urges public administrators and managers to “serve not steer” their institutions. There is no single scholar credited with the coining of this term. However, Denhardt and Denhardt’s article “The New Public Service: Serving Rather Than Steering” defines the New Public Service as an alternative normative model to replace New Public Management in American public administration. Denhardt claims that this article is the first attempt to organize challenges to NPM and underscore the common themes under a single model, New Public Service. The New Public Service model currently has not replaced New Public Management as the normative model of public administration in America, but it sees growth and continued success. “the New Public Service has emerged both in theory and in the innovative and advanced practices of many exemplary public managers”.

benefits/significance/impact
New public service is not New Public Management. New Public service espouses citizenship values for new public management is more focus on delivering services through a business model approach of an agency. Both methods have principles but new public service focus on not being a business. New public service has seven principles and are geared up on “operation[al] through process of collaboration and respect for people.” Also in setting apart public administration and new public management from new public service “the Denhardts conceive new public service as an alternative normative framework on which to ground public administration contrast it.” (Hondeghme, 2008) New public service is slowing changing in government because since the 1980s government has changed into slimmer agencies which have less resources and people in general want to be more involved in what government rather than government tell people what to do. The change has included influence from the grassroots rather from the top down management in which old public administration and new public management are based on. New public management service is more focus on what citizens need and not focusing on what providing a business environment in which the goal maybe gear toward satisfying a want and not a need for the community. New public service is providing for the need of the community because it is focusing on the citizenship aspect rather than the customer aspect delivering services.--

Criticism
New public service is a broad topic however the critics are very direct. Denhardt and Denhardt pointedly set forth The New Public Service, about how it has been run like a business. Unfortunately to “we the people” the government should not be run like a business it should be run like a democracy. The government is the central or head of society they make decisions handle treaties and hopefully make final decisions for the general will of the people. New public service is defined by the words it’s a public service on how we the people can serve we the people. In the process of serving we go through many chambers, public interest, votes etc. and we have to speak to a higher power in order to make greater change. The government basically has failed to do better in the society and lost the values of human rights. The new public service keep the dignity of the people while holding the government responsible and accountable of their actions. Constitutionally democracy is suppose too keep the balance of the government and the citizen it governs in order. The New Public Service occasionally distorts, its exposition is generally balanced with informed media, town hall meetings and several protest that end with petitions. Which tells the government what the people want.

revised proposal
Project Proposal for Creating a New Article for: New Public Service PART I: Article Evaluation of New Public Management : Better examples within the introduction paragraph with the vague information we cannot determine what the definition is. The article should elaborate on the other aspects such as the new and the old. What is consider the “new and old” and public administration. Also paint a more colorful imagination of public administration. Introduce other sections such as public service and private sectors within the definition it can be determined that new public management is broad category. In the developmental section only one source is citied. The reader cannot properly understand the differences between the public and private sectors of public management. The section should include more subtopics in order to have a clear understanding of combinations of new public management and how each section works together. Public management is an influence within the community and has become the normative model of public administration. The information in the article should have branched out between the government and the community. Therefore providing information to explain the differences. The page also fails to include any history about new public management. When the reader is provided history on the section or topic it will be able to have a better understanding. The bonus is the critique had a decent criticism section. It elaborated on the books and articles that the page provided.

PART II: I.	History Public service is structure how society is run, and all the behavior that people display through out their daily lives. The Government is another way that the people come together, and making important decision that effect the economy. Weather big or small all outcomes effect everyone, and makes a new behavior of the community. That being said, where does the New Public service come? How did this all come to be in society, and even brought in to the U.S. Government. The New Public Service originated in the state of Illinois, which was charted as far back as in 1933. Originated in the Midwest, its purpose was to aid the local government in the states provides service with the state problems. The First president of Public service was Donald Stone, the founder of the Graduate school of Public and International Affairs at Pittsburgh University. The second President named, “Louis Brownlow, who was a distinguished New Deal Practitioner, and academic, had his own book publish. The Book was called, “The President and the Presidency” back in 1949. New Public Service continues down the timeline focusing state and local government. Not only in America, but though other foreign countries. This is important to the people, which are happy that the thoughts and word are being heard, and the state and local government helps the people. The History of Public Service is here to stay. "History of Public Administration Service." History of Public Administration Service. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Apr. 2015.http://www.pitt.edu/~picard/PAS/history.htm

II. Define New Public Service derives from the world Public Service. Public service can easily be defined as the process or exchange of supplying something for the community or the individuals living in a community. Furthermore it is recognized as a benefiting factor verses a profit margin area. Now let add the New in front. New means recently reborn, or even meaning recreated. New Public Service is easily defined as the government’s reformed administration and efforts to benefit the citizens. New Public Service is carried out by public servants.

III. Themes a. The New Public Service contains many diverse elements and views public administration as constantly growing and evolving. b. The New Public Service focuses on a responsive government that facilitates collaboration between public administrators, politicians, and citizens. 1. Encourage greater citizen involvement, notion of open and accessible government c. Belief in shared values contributing to notion of common public interest- government's job to protect it. d. Sets many goals for ideal government and aims to work toward improving the current system through greater contribution from the community.

IV. Development a. The New Public Service arose as a collection of ideas about government administration and citizenship that provide an alternative to the current normative model of New Public Management. Draws on work from Dwight Waldo and Sheldon Wolin. 1. New Public Management: run government like a business with a focus on efficiency and customer service. "Steer, not row" 2. New Public Service: Focus on citizen engagement, protecting the public interest, responsiveness in government- open instead of closed. "serve, not steer" b. Dendhardt and Dendhardt define "New Public Service" in a 2003 article that aimed to organize a set of principles under the model of New Public Service. There is no single scholar credited with the coining of this term as several have used the term. c. Chronologic development of public administration begins with "old" PA- traditional bureaucracies, New Public Management, and now the growth of New Public Service model. d. New Public Service has arose both in theory and practice

V.	Criticism a.	The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is one of the best public administrations support system we have today. As well as The Red Cross, Salvation Army, Walmart etc. all of these administrations have one common goal! Which is FEMA’s mission, it is “to support [the] citizens and first responders to ensure that as a nation we work together to build, sustain and improve our capability to prepare for, protect against, respond to, recover from and mitigate all hazards”. Preparation is key to being successful in any situation and for FEMA it is mandatory that they are always ready for whatever Mother Nature has in store. When hurricane Katrina swept through the south it was a rude wake up call for the administration. It showed the flaws in the system and weakened the community. When the community needed food water and shelter nobody answered the call. The government failed to take responsibilities of its citizens and the first responders could not help quickly enough due to the circumstances. Fortunately we have come a long way however we still have a long way to go. There are still loop holes in the system that need to be exposed and still tons of work, plans and emergency protocols that need to be updated. As more people continue to join and commit to support FEMA our nation’s first responder’s team will continue to mature. As a nation we are not focusing on what we can do better our priority is the citizens and how we can help them do better. When the call on us we answer the call or we get there before the call is too late. b.	"About the Agency | FEMA.gov." About the Agency | FEMA.gov. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Apr. 2015.

VI. Significance and Impact New public service is changing because function of government has been cut back and the type of public servants is changing the face of government. More and more of the government's function are being outsourced to non-profit and private entities and thus changing the public service from mostly a government to a multi-sectors approach to civic issues. •"There can be little doubt that the quiet crisis continues. Public trust in government continues to fall, the senior levels of the hierarchy continues to thicken, and young people continue to express significant doubts about the value of a public service career". (Light 1999b, pg 4) •"Public service in not so inviting as Light has suggested that '[i]t must also make that service much more inviting at all levels." (Light 1999b, 4) •Inside government public servants are changing the public service because "inside government, where there is growing evidence that [they] are finding work less rewarding" (Light 1999b, 5) •This change in public service has change in the past decades, "the evidence suggests that government has lost whatever competitive edge it might have had in the 1970s in recruiting talented Americans to service." (Light 1999b, 6) •What may make the current state of the public service more troubling is the entry of a mostly new competitor for talent: the private contractors that are delivering more and more of the nation's public services." •	Government services and its functions have been outsource to outside sources such private agencies or non-profit organizations resulting in "sluggishness of the hiring process, and the acceleration in outsourcing." (Light 1999a, 42) •The new public service is motivate by the right goals, remarkably tolerate toward the later native career path that have emerged as government has slimmed down and pushed more of it work outward and downward into the private and nonprofit sectors." (Light 1999b, 101) •Public service is changing from old standards and its "profile shows a public service that may become entering a period of such uncertainty and motion that it may become increasing difficult to hold on. (Light 1999b, 101) •Mr. Light informs us that the public sector is "chan[ing] in the market for public servants, and continues with....two defining characteristics of the new public service." He points out the two characteristics are that "public policy and administration graduates are far more likely than were their predecessors to enter the private or nonprofit sector....[s]econd, today graduates are also more likely to switch jobs and sectors more frequently than did their predecessors." (Light 1999b, 17) •Given the tightening government job market and growing stress in the nonprofit sector, it should come as no surprise that the private sector might become a more attractive option for the nation's top public policy and administration graduates" (Light 1999b, 51) •"The new public service involves more than the rise of the private and nonprofit sectors as alternative destination for public service careers." (Light 1999b, 61) •Private and public sectors are different and "unfortunate that so many private enterprises are missing the opportunity for public service because they don’t look at the world in that light." (Light 199b, 74) •A University of Minnesota graduate says about going to work with private organization, "Employees in the private sector cannot and should expect loyalty beyond just ordinary civility from their employer.” (Light, 1999b, 75) •“the key to public service is not so much where, but whether it occurs at all. No one sector appears to have monopoly.” (Light, 1999b, 76) •There appears to be lot of switching from public policy and public administration servants “will be the defining characteristic of the new public service.” (Light 1999b, 76) •Graduates expect to move, and they mostly do. And, unlike the government centered public service of old, the new public service offers ample opportunities to do so.” (Light 1999b, 81) •In the recent past, employees went to work for an organization expecting to stay with that employer if things worked out.  The traditional, implicit ‘employment contract’ was that if people have careers and a long-term future in that organization, they would have careers and a long-term future in that organization, barring some economic catastrophe. Today, mobility across employers and even industries is expected. Downsizing, outsourcing, and externalization of employment—the use of contingent work arrangements—reign supreme (Jeffrey Pfeffer) •“schools may need to rethink the ways in which hey prepare their student for the nongovernment destination in the new multisectored public service.” (Light 1999b, 106) •Graduates who had been reinvented the most were also the most likely to say the managing innovation and change was very important to career success.” (Light 1999b, 112)

PART III: I.	Each individual is to analyze all 5-6 of their articles and choose their favorite one that they feel will be best beneficial to the success of our Wikipedia page II. Each individual is responsible for going through their article and pulling out vital information(that one feels will contribute to the success of our project) III. Since we are making a Wikipedia page from scratch(there was no other existent one beforehand) as a group we must work together effectively to make sure all proper information is taken from each article we choose to cover IV. Mark- responsibility: researching the HISTORY of New Public Service. (he will be covering that area of the wiki page) a.	Crystal-responsibility: compiling information to best explain and define New Public Service and revising and editing the whole wikipage b.	Natasha- Responsibility: explaining “the Themes section, and the Development section” this includes researching and compiling information for her section c.	Trent- responsibility: for the criticism aspect of the wikipage, compiling various articles or books that criticized “New Public Service” and explaining what happened, compiling information to explain these sections of the wikipage d.	Abe- responsibility: compiling the significance and impact section of this wikipage. Explaining how New Public Service has impacted the nation and explaining the significance it has had. VII. Since we are creating a wikipage from scratch referring to :New Public Management is key to helping/ giving room for development(somewhat of a guide) VIII. Each individual is responsible for their bibliography(aka the references) of their section( in the end will be compiled together as one, for our bib section) IX. As a group we will compile an OVERVIEW SECTION DEADLINES (for our group and meeting days): •	4/10, 4/15- Peer Reviews(take extra time to review/edit/revise each other sections) •	04/22, 04/27- Meet together make sure Wikipedia Page is complete! Difficulties we might face: Being able to all meet up together (due to conflicting schedules)

Denhardt, Janet Vinzant, and Robert B. Denhardt. The New Public Service [Electronic Resource] : Serving, Not Steering / Janet V. Denhardt And Robert B. Denhardt. n.p.: Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe, c2007., 2007. Texas State - Alkek Library's Catalog. Web. 9 Mar. 2015.

Griffiths, Simon, Henry Kippin, and Gerry Stoker. Public Services [Electronic Resource] : A New Reform Agenda / Edited By Simon Griffiths, Henry Kippin And Gerry Stoker. n.p.: London : Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013., 2013. Texas State - Alkek Library's Catalog. Web. 9 Mar. 2015.

Schillemans, Thomas. Mediatization Of Public Services [Electronic Resource] : How Organizations Adapt To News Media / Thomas Schillemans. n.p.: Frankfurt am Main : Peter Lang, c2012., 2012. Texas State - Alkek Library's Catalog. Web. 9 Mar. 2015.

Griffith, Alison I., and Dorothy E. Smith. Under New Public Management : Institutional Ethnographies Of Changing Front-Line Work / Edited By Alison I. Griffith And Dorothy E. Smith. n.p.: Toronto ; Buffalo : University of Toronto Press, [2014], 2014. Texas State - Alkek Library's Catalog. Web. 9 Mar. 2015.

Light, Paul Charles. The New Public Service [Electronic Resource] / Paul C. Light. n.p.: Washington, D.C. : Brookings Institution Press, c1999., 1999. Texas State - Alkek Library's Catalog. Web. 9 Mar. 2015.

Tbm28 (talk) 05:59, 24 March 2015 (UTC)

Bibliography: Natasha Thomas

WORKS CITED

Barzelay, Michael. The New Public Management: Improving Research and Policy Dialogue. Berkeley: University of California, 2001. JSTOR. Web. 07 March 2015.

Canon, Ramsin. “Cities Need a New Old Philosophy: Justice.” Gapers’ Block: A Web Publication. 18 Nov 2014. Web. 08 March 2015.

Kaboolian, Linda. “The New Public Management: Challenging the Boundaries of the Management vs. Administration Debate.” Public Administration Review. 58.3 (1998): 189-93. JSTOR. Web 07 March 2015.

Peters, Guy B. “Reform Begets Reform: How Governments Have Responded to New Public Management.” Innovations in Public Governance. Ed. Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko, S.J. Bailey, & Pekka Valkama.

Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2011. Web. 07 March 2015.

Smith, Dorothy. Under New Public Management: Institutional Ethnographies of Changing Front-line Work. Ed. Allison Griffith. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2014. Print. Natashaliu1993 (talk) 18:18, 25 March 2015 (UTC)

Proposal

The Smooth Operators 								March 25, 2015 Mark Hill Crystal Akanwa Natasha Thomas Trent Middleton Abe Peralta

Project Proposal (New Public Service)

I.	Each individual is to analyze all 5-6 of their articles and choose their favorite one that they feel will be best beneficial to the success of our Wikipedia page II. Each individual is responsible for going through their article and pulling out vital information(that one feels will contribute to the success of our project) III. Since we are making a Wikipedia page from scratch(there was no other existent one beforehand) as a group we must work together effectively to make sure all proper information is taken from each article we choose to cover IV. Mark- responsibility: researching the HISTORY of New Public Service. (he will be covering that area of the wiki page) a.	Crystal-responsibility: compiling information to best explain and define New Public Service and revising and editing the whole wikipage b.	Natasha- Responsibility: explaining “the Themes section, and the Development section” this includes researching and compiling information for her section c.	Trent- responsibility: for the criticism aspect of the wikipage, compiling various articles or books that criticized “New Public Service” and explaining what happened, compiling information to explain these sections of the wikipage d.	Abe- responsibility: compiling the significance and impact section of this wikipage. Explaining how New Public Service has impacted the nation and explaining the significance it has had. V.	Since we are creating a wikipage from scratch referring to :New Public Management and New Public Administration is key to helping/ giving room for development(somewhat of a guide) VI. Each individual is responsible for their bibliography(aka the references) of their section( in the end will be compiled together as one, for our bib section) VII. As a group we will compile an OVERVIEW SECTION