User:Crystaltsai97/光棍 (Bare Branches)

= Guang Gun = Guang Gun ( Chinese: 光棍; Pinyin: Guāng Gùn; Common translation: "Bare Branches") is a popular term used to describe single individuals in Chinese culture. This term has been more widely used as a way to describe singles, as a single person, 1 person, resembles a bare branch. More than just a term used to describe single people, it has become a derogatory way to label single men who are unable to wed, thus unable to contribute to the 'branches' to the family tree/ lineage. An equivalent term used to classify women who are unwed by their late twenties or older is Sheng Nu (Chinese: 剩女; Pinyin: Shèng Nǚ; Common translation: "Leftover Women"), popularized by the All- China Women's Federation.

Context
According to a 2017 census published in Our World in Data shows Sex Ratio imbalances in major Asian countries such as China, in which its Sex Ratio far surpasses that of its surrounding countries. The ratio of China was that of 115 male births to 100 female births, surpassing that of India, 111 male births to 100 female births. In 2005, it was calculated that the number of Chinese male individuals under the age of 20 years old was 32 million more than female individuals. This phenomenon came as a result of the implementation of the one-child policy, enforced in 1979. This policy, coupled with the introduction of ultrasound technology into Asian countries in the 1980s began the problem of excess males in the Chinese population. Ultrasound technology was soon employed as a means to predetermine the sex of the fetus, thus began the tendency of sex-selective abortions.

Culture
The tradition to wed and settle down at a young age is no different in China than in other countries. The lack of potential female suitors coupled with familial pressure lead to individuals 'renting' significant others to bring to social gatherings and celebrations. During important celebrations such as Chinese Lunar New Year, the prices in the 'rental partners' may triple in price. Depending on contracts, these services may include sexual favours, emotional support, temporary relationships, and can even go as far as 'sham' marriages and relationships. In Chinese culture, as in many other cultures in the world, a male heir is sought after, as they are able to extend the family lineage, accumulate more wealth than their female counterparts, as well as care for parents in their declining years.

Bride Price
The bride price, commonly referred to as a dowry is a gift of money or goods given to the family of the bride by the groom or his family. With the outnumbering of women by men, the potential to find a spouse is limited. The shortage of eligible women has caused the bride price to continually rise since the 1980s, just as the introduction of ultrasound technology induced sex-selective abortions. Men of average to lower socio-economic status have a hard time navigating the cycle of patriarchal tradition and capitalism, as they are unable to accumulate enough wealth to pay a higher higher Bride Pre or a dowry. One of the consequences of the gender imbalance is that women of lower socio-economic status are likely to marry up the socio-economic ladder, whereas men of higher socio-economic status tend to marry down. At the bottom of the socio-economic ladder, poor and single men are unable to find potential partners, perpetuating the excess of single men. Men in impoverished rural towns and villages are the ones most affected by the increase in dowry value, as in most villages, the soaring bride prices are not a reflection of the local economic status. Already unable to pay the exorbitant price, these men have no choice but to remain bachelors. Oftentimes, families need to save for decades in order give monetary support to their son; going as far as to take out loans, borrow money from relatives, or even obtain funds illegally. The desperation of the bare branches to find a mate, coupled with bad economic conditions have led to unconventional marriages such as child brides, the abduction of wives, human trafficking, as well as polyandry.

The cycle of rising bride prices and men of low economic status unable to pay them causes these poor 'bare branches' to be poorer, as many see no need in earning wages if not to provide for their potential family. These individuals may veer down a rabbit-hole of feeling depressed and discriminated against, thus resulting in drinking, smoking, gambling, etc. In the event of this happening, these bare branches become a burden to their family, as they have to be taken care of. Bare branches who put off marriage, in order to earn and save more money, suffer the fate of marrying at an older age. Like the Sheng nu, men after a certain age are deemed less desirable, and will be required to pay an even higher bride price.

Abnormal Sex Ratios
Without human tampering, sex ratios at birth (number of male births to number of female births) across the world are generally consistent. With the introduction of ultrasound technology and the access of sex-selective abortions, male births have been seen to exceed female births in multiple countries in which the tradition of partiality to a son is still prevalent. Abnormal Sex ratios can be broken down into two categories; Sex Ratio at birth (number of male births for every 100 female births) and Sex Ratio in population (number of males for every 100 females in the population). The Sex Ratio at birth is oftentimes inaccurate as it is difficult to acquire information for the correct number of unwanted, abandoned or unrecorded births. In China, the Sex Ratio at birth is inaccurate as some newborns go unrecorded if and when parents violate the one or two-child policy of the government. Although the male ratio at birth is recorded to be higher than that of the female, the female ratio in some populations are recorded to be higher, as it is commonly disputed that females have a greater chance at resisting disease, as well as have a longer lifespan.

The preferential treatment of sons and mistreatment of daughters is summarized by Therese Hesketh and Xing Zhu Wei as "son preference is manifest prenatally, through sex determination and sex- selective abortion, and postnatally through neglect and abandonment of female children, which leads to higher female mortality”. The high number of males over females in a society not only poses to be a problem, as many individuals are left single and unwed, rather a review written in Trends notes that the more men there are in a society, the more violent the society becomes. This review psychologically concludes that men are generally more prone to violence. Places in which males are in abundance causes these single and desperate bachelors to compete against one another to find potential suitors,"leading to the prediction that the sex in abundance competes more intensely for mating opportunities than does the rarer sex ".

Consequently, this violence causes more harm to the limited amount of women than to the men themselves, as during the 1980s, researches linked the large amounts of violence within certain Asian communities to the abnormally male-elevated Sex Ratios in these countries. Research showed that several Indian states and districts, in which there was a largely male-biased Sex Ratio, the murder rates were perceived to be especially high. A paper published in PNAS notes that "when single young men congregate, the potential for more organized aggression is likely to increase substantially." Consequently, many women have gone missing as a result of femicide.