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Monitory Democracy

= Monitory Democracy = Monitory democracy is a phase of democracy characterised by instruments of public monitoring and scrutinising of government power. Theorised by Professor John Keane in his 2009 book 'The Life and Death of Democracy', monitory democracy is said to have begun following the events of the Second World War.

Keane attributes the creation of monitory democracy both to war which "proved that this protection-obedience formula was unworkable", and the greater significance of human rights within established democracies.

Within the theory of monitory democracy, monitory institutions refer to 'watch-dog' and 'guide-dog' bodies which are operating under the "ethos of communicative abundance" . These institutions have the ability to prevent unconsented government by subjecting power to mechanisms of checks and balances. Monitory institutions are credited with the ability to increase the effectiveness of the public monitoring of power as they are "changing both the political geography and the political dynamics of many democracies". Additionally, Keane believes that monitory bodies have been able to "enfranchise many more citizens voices".

According to Keane, monitory democracy contrasts its predecessor, representative democracy as it rids of "the old rule of 'one person, one vote, one representative'" and instead embodies the overarching principle of "one person, many interests, many voices, multiple votes, multiple representatives" .

Professor John Keane (political theorist)
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Democracy
The term 'democracy' is derived from the Greek word demokratia translating to 'people' (demos) and 'rule' (kratos). Within a democratic system of government the citizens exercise power through the act of voting in free and fair elections. This system of government has evolved over time and can accordingly be defined into two phases; direct democracy and representative democracy.

Direct Democracy
Direct democracy is a system of democratic government upheld by the notion of popular sovereignty, under which, citizens have direct participation in government decision making either through assembly or referendum voting. The concept of direct participation of citizens was popularised by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Classical Athens hosted the earliest examples of direct democracies where popular assemblies of all citizens (citizens being limited to those recognised as part of the political community) discussed and voted on policy. The practicability of direct democracy has been questioned by many theorists.

Representative Democracy
Representative democracy is a system of democratic government where elected officials represent the citizen body and make key decisions in policy-making.

- presidential and parliamentary systems

- opposes direct democracy

- find a citation for the definition of representative democracy

- free and fair elections