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Anne Buckingham Young is an American physician and neuroscientist who works on neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on movement disorders, including Huntington's Disease and Parkinson's Disease (existing wiki article). Educated at Vassar College and Johns Hopkins Medical School, she has held faculty positions at University of Michigan and Harvard University. She became the first female chief of service at Massachusetts General Hospital when she was appointed Chief of Neurology in 1991 (existing wiki article, changed woman to female). She retired from this role and from clinical service in 2012. She is the only person to have been president of both the international Society for Neuroscience and the American Neurological Association. (existing article but added the citation).

Early and Personal Life
Young grew up in a North Shore suburb of Chicago. Her feisty nature led her father to nickname her "Tiger Annie," and she was sent to prep school to keep her out of trouble (existing wiki article). Throughout her life, she has struggled with reading due to dyslexia. Her parents were both involved in science; her father studied chemistry at Harvard and her mother studied physics at Vassar College. She completed her undergraduate studies in chemistry, with minors in art history and philosophy, at Vassar College and worked in a laboratory, developing an interest in biochemistry (existing wiki article, changed word completed, added chemistry...philosophy, removed the word keen, removed link to Vassar). While in an MD/PhD program at Johns Hopkins, she met her first husband, Jack B. Penney Jr., with whom she collaborated professionally until his death in 1999. They have two daughters, Jessica and Ellen. After Penney’s death, Young struggled with depression and was diagnosed with bipolar disorder, while continuing to run the department of neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital. She is now married to her high school boyfriend Stetson Ames.

Overview
Her research career includes many highlights. In 1974, she published a paper correlating the excitatory action of granule cells and the neurophysiological effect of glutamic acid to suggest that glutamate is the primary neurotransmitter of the granule cell. Today glutamate is considered to be the chief excitatory neurotransmitter in the human central nervous system. Additionally, a 1989 paper she co-authored describing an anatomically derived model of basal ganglia disorders has been cited over 5000 times (everything from start to here is existing wiki article, changed 2000 to 500). As part of the Huntington Study Group, she has published multiple reviews about the progress of research on Huntington's Disease and participated in an assessment of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale, which has been cited over 1000 times. Young (change from existing) was awarded both the M.D. and a Ph.D. in Pharmacology from Johns Hopkins (added from Johns Hopkins) within 5 years. She completed her dissertation in a neuropharmacology lab focused on psychiatric disorders, and helped to define the role of neurotransmitters in different cell types. She completed residency training in neurology at the University of California San Francisco, and along with her late husband Jack B. Penney Jr. she started a laboratory at the University of Michigan studying the anatomy and pharmacology of the basal ganglia. In 1991 Young was appointed chief of neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital. She was also chosen as the Julianne Dorn Professor of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, a position she maintains today. (since 1000 times is existing wiki article, removed two links, altered sentence structure). She and Penney developed the Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), a collaborative location to streamline the process of research and clinical treatment development. Throughout her career, she participated in the Venezuela Huntington’s Disease Project with Nancy Wexler. She was the president of the American Neurological Association from 2001 to 2003 and also was president of the Society for Neuroscience from 2003 to 2005 (altered sentence structure, taken from original).

Johns Hopkins - Medical School
After graduating from Vassar, Young decided to enroll in Johns Hopkins Medical School. Baltimore was an adjustment for a Vassar student not used to the city. Young was one of nine women in her class of 110. Lectures were mostly men and professors would show nude pictures and cartoons of women were shown during class for entertainment. Young switched out the picture with a nude of a man to embarrass the lecturer. Young met her husband Jack her first year and they continued their relationship while both pursuing careers in Neurology.

For a year a half, Young completed her required  medical school courses and clerkships. During the PhD portion of her graduate studies, Young worked with Professor Solomon Snyder, MD on preliminary analysis of potential neurotransmitters, such as homocarnosine and homoanserine. Data from Young’s lab was the first suggesting glutamate as a neurotransmitter in cerebellar granule cells. Young also worked with GABA receptors and found a way to detect inhibitory amino acid receptors using tritiated neurotoxins. Young developed several collaborative projects with others in the neurology department. She graduated with her MD in 1973 and her PhD in Pharmacology in 1974 with ten publications.

UCSF - Internship and Residency
Young applied for internship and residency programs at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). She was matched with an internship at Mt. Zion Hospital in San Francisco and was accepted at UCSF in 1975. Young completed her residency alongside her husband, Jack, and became pregnant her second year. During her third year she was chosen as chief resident. The couple then found jobs at the University of Michigan and began in 1978.

University of Michigan
Mentored by the head of neurology, Young began to write grants and began working on positron emission tomography studies of Huntington’s Disease. Young wrote her first grant during residency and decided to focus on spinal cord spasticity. Her grant received funding from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Later that year Young gave birth to another daughter.

Jack and Anne partnered in all of their research and clinical work and established the U of M Movement Disorders Clinic. Anne was the expert in pharmacology and physiology and he was the expert in stereotactic surgery, computer programs, and statistics. In the clinic Anne focused on hyperkinetic disorders like Huntington's and Tourette’s syndrome and Jack focused on hypokinetic movement disorders like Parkinson’s. The couple began pioneering research on the basal ganglia’s involvement in these movement disorders. Their research identified a pathway in the cortex that acts on striatal cells. This pathway was predicted to be defective in Huntington's and Parkinson’s patients. They published their theory in 1986 in Movement Disorders and continued to investigate the problem. Evidence and hypothesis from their publication led to the development of deep brain stimulation, a treatment for Parkinson’s Disease. In 1989 they published their work proposing a new model of the basal ganglia’s involvement in Huntington's and Parkinson’s in Trends in Neuroscience. This has been referenced over 5000 times. A faculty position at University of Michigan is named in her honor, the Anne B. Young Collegiate Professor of Neurology.

Venezuela Huntington's Disease Project
In 1981, Young traveled with Nancy Wexler to Lake Maracaibo to study a family with many members with or at risk of Huntington’s Disease. She and her husband continued to return yearly with Wexler to examine members of the family, to take DNA samples, and to develop a detailed pedigree. For 22 years, This continued until international relations with Hugo Chavez halted the project. Their work in Venezuela contributed to Jim Gusella’s discovery of the location and precise gene that causes Huntington’s Disease. This discovery led to the development of genetic testing for at-risk individuals, allowing them and/or clinical researchers to know whether they would develop Huntington’s Disease.

Massachusetts General Hospital
Young was recruited to be the chair of neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital in 1991. She was the first female chief in the hospital’s history and the first female chief of neurology at a teaching hospital in the United States.

MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND)
When Young and her husband moved to Boston, they continued to study neurodegenerative diseases in a lab in Charlestown, a neighborhood in Boston. Other labs in Charlestown were also studying neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Huntington’s disease. These labs were spread out, and Young recognized the benefit that would come from bringing these labs together. She put together a proposal for an open lab space in a Mass General building. Young was given almost an entire building in which she created the Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND). MIND seeks to have a broad focus to study not only the cause of these diseases, but also to develop develop effective therapeutic techniques. Another important aspect of MIND that Young helped to foster through its open lab space is collaborative teamwork between researchers. MIND has made many contributions to research of neurodegenerative diseases, including to the discovery of the gene for Huntington’s disease.

Anne B. Young Translational Medicine Fellowship
The Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology, partnered with Biogen, offers a fellowship in Young’s honor to train fellows to quickly and efficiently perform research and create treatments for neurological disorders. The fellowship is focused on scientists early in their careers to create a combined focus on academia and industry.

Harvard Medical School
In 1991, Young began as chief of neurology at Mass Gen and professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School. In 2012, she was appointed Julieanne Dorn Distinguished Professor of Neurology, where she teaches presently. Her research has been in metabotropic glutamate receptors in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer’s disease. In 2004, she mentored a student project about the gene for Huntington’s Disease, which codes for the protein huntingtin. Since 2012, she has given up her lab in order to let others have access to the space and resources.

Americal Neurological Association
In 2001, Young was the second female chosen to be president of the American Neurological Association. During Young’s tenure, a mentoring program for neurologists and neuroscientists was developed through a partnership with NINDS. This program continues today.

Society for Neuroscience
In 2003, Young was elected president of the Society for Neuroscience. During Young’s tenure, she oversaw the design and development of a new headquarters building for the Society in Washington D.C. The building was designed to be as environmentally friendly as possible. She has served as chair of the Government and Public Affairs Committee for the Society.

Selected Publications
Over her many years in research, Young has made many contributions to the study of neuroscience. She has been credited in over a hundred publications, with major contributions made in the study of neurodegenerative diseases. Following is a chronologically organized list of a few of Young’s papers which presented significant findings at that time in the field.


 * 1974: Glutamic Acid-Selective Depletion by Viral Induced Granule Cell Loss in Hamster Cerebellum

This paper correlated the excitatory action of granule cells and the neurophysiological effect of glutamic acid, to suggest that glutamate is the primary neurotransmitter of the granule cell. Today glutamate is known to be the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the human central nervous system (existing, changed 'this paper correlated' and 'is known to be the predominant').


 * 1987: Glutamate Dysfunction in Alzheimers Disease- An Hypothesis

After further studies solidified glutamic acid as a critical excitatory neurotransmitter involved in the formation of memory and in learning, Young and her team hypothesized on potential ramifications of dysfunctioning glutamic acid. This hypothesis linked the potential harmful and toxic effects of glutamic acid in Alzheimer’s disease.


 * 1988: Differential Loss of Striatal Projection Neurons in Huntington Disease

In this paper, Young and her colleagues investigated the degeneration of striatal projection neurons, present in the basal ganglia in the brain. Using immunohistochemistry, the progression of Huntinton’s Disease was imaged and tracked to identify how the disease reduces the number of neurons in the striatum.


 * 1989: The Functional Anatomy of Basal Ganglia Disorders

This paper described an anatomically derived model of basal ganglia disorders (anatomically...disorders from existing), including hyperkinetic disorders and hypokinetic disorders. Through different physical and systems-based research, models of neural networks of Early Stage Huntington’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease were proposed. The different models suggest that different areas of the striatum, previously established as the area of the brain most directly related to the diseases previously mentioned, may be involved in the different steps and features of motor control. This discovery allowed researchers to pursue research focused on the different areas and types of degradation of the striatum correlated with either Parkinson’s or Huntington’s disease.


 * 1989: Excitatory Amino Acids and Alzheimers Disease

In this paper, Young and her co-author Greenamyre present research on the role of disrupting different excitatory amino acid mechanisms in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of the brain. They concluded that disrupting these pathways could play a role in both the development of physical symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, specifically in memory loss, and the pathological symptoms, or physical changes in the brain.

Notable Colleagues

 * Jack B. Penney Jr.
 * Nancy Wexler
 * James F. Gusella
 * Sid Gilman
 * Solomon H. Snyder
 * Raymond D. Adams
 * Ira Shoulson

Awards and Honors
In 1994, Young was elected as a member of the Institute of Medicine. She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1995 (existing article). In 1999, Young was awarded the Dean’s Award for Support and Advancement of Women Faculty by Harvard Medical School. Two years later, Young won the Marion Spencer Fay Award, which recognizes excellence in medicine and science through innovation and leadership. In 2005, Anne Young was granted fellowship to the Royal College of Physicians, England. In 2006, Young was awarded the Milton Wexler Award from the Hereditary Disease Foundation. Young has also received two distinguished alumni awards, one from Johns Hopkins Medical School and one from Vassar College.

Young is the only individual to have served as both the president of the International Society for Neuroscience and the American Neurological Association.