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Introduction
The Hawaiian Constitution of 1852, written in both English and Hawaiian, was constructed by King Kamehameha III. The purpose of its construction was to not only revise, but add to the 1840 constitution in great length. The new constitution created a much more democratic government much like those of the United States and Europe.

King Kamehameha III
The writer of the Hawaiian Constitution of 1852 was Kauikeaouli, referred to by the Hawaiian public as King Kamehameha III. He was the successor of Liholiho, King Kamehameha II. Kauikeaouli was the brother of Liholio and son of Kamehameha I. Kauikeaouli took over the throne at age eleven under the "regency" of his mother Ka‘ahumanu. Kauikeaouli enacted the first constitution of Hawaii in 1840 which created a more western like government comprised of a two body legislature. This was later revised in 1852. King Kamehameha III was the first Hawaiian monarch to rule as a "constitutional monarch" rather than an absolute monarch like his predecessors. This means he ruled in accordance with the sovereign people and a constitution declaring their rights.

Transition from 1840 constitution to 1852 constitution
The 1840 constitution was the first written constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii and was heavily influenced by Europeans and Americans living on the Island and especially by protestant missionaries who had arrived in 1820. It created two houses; the House of Nobles and House of Representatives. It also created a judicial branch similar to the one used in the continental U.S., which established a supreme court of which the king would be the chief judge. This first written constitution did effectively split the government in a European fashion, however it was very general. It contained nothing about foreign affairs or even civil affairs regarding land rights and organization of the communities. Because of the notable gaps becoming evident in the existing constitution, King Kamehameha III and the Hawaiian Kingdom Legislature picked three commissioners to revise the constitution of 1840. One commissioner was chosen by the King, one by the House of Nobles, and one by the House of Representatives. These commissioners were given the daunting task of revising the constitution and in doing so, practically rewrote it.

The new Constitution contained 106 sections. This was a major increase from the 47 that made up the previous constitution. The 1852 version created a much more specific Declaration of Rights than the previous. This helped to clearly outline the rights of the people in regards to land and the organization of communities which solved the confusion left unaddressed in the 1840 edition. The new constitution also served to declare freedom from servitude for all adult males. It also restructured the House of Nobles so that the members were no longer determined by heredity, but were rather appointed for life by the King. The delegated powers of the Legislative, Judicial, and Executive (Monarchy) branches of the Hawaiian government were also specified.

Parts of the 1852 constitution
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The Amendment of 1856
An amendment to the constitution of 1852 was proposed during the legislative session in the year 1855. It was ratified on September 15th, 1856. The amendment contained seven articles. The primary focus of the amendment was to allow the legislature to meet biennially rather than annually.

Article 1 changed the 27th article of the constitution but only in the native language. One word was changed.

Article 2 amended the 29th article of the constitution. The 29th article of the constitution allowed the king to convene the legislature at the seat of the government or at a different location if safety was an issue. It also allowed the king to adjourn the legislature for up to one year in case of a disagreement between the two houses or with the king himself. Under the new amendment, the king had the discretion to adjourn the legislature for up to two years.

Article 3 amended the 32nd article of the constitution to remove the King's power to appoint the head of any executive office. The amended article would now only give the King the authority to remove the head of an executive office as well as to demand written information from any department head or officer regarding the oversight of their office.

Article 4 amended the 43rd article of the constitution. The original constitution stated that any Chief of Rank as appointed by the King would have the title "highness". The amendment removed this title and instead declared that any Chief of Rank would be known by their birth title or any other title the King gave them.

Article 5 amended the 54th article of the constitution. Article 5 of the 1856 amendment changed the requirement of each governmental department to report its transactions and business. The reports were now due by the start of each new fiscal year rather than just being a general annual requirement.

Article 6 amended the 61st article of the constitution. Under the amendment, the legislature was only required to meet on behalf of the welfare of the nation biannually rather than annually as previously defined by the constitution. This biannual convention would be held when and where the king dictated.

Article 7 amended the 100th article of the constitution. Under the new amendment the legislature would vote every two years on the appropriations based on an analysis of the previous two years revenue and spending as well as the projected revenue and spending of the next two years as given by the finance minister.

Article 8 amended the 72nd article of the constitution. The amendment addressed the possibility of members of the House of Nobles being able to resign from their position. Under the amendment the king would appoint members of the House of Nobles who would hold their seats for life except in cases of resignation. Members of the House of Nobles were subject to provisions stated in article 67 of the constitution and there would be a maximum of 30 members allowed.

Transition from the Constitution of 1852 to the Constitution of 1864
The constitution of 1852 lasted through the reign of King Kamehameha III and King Kamehameha IV. When King Kamehameha IV died in 1863, King Kamehameha V resumed power but refused to endorse the constitution of 1852. King Kamehameha V despised the liberal nature of the 1852 constitution and wanted to restore power to the monarchy. He gathered a small group of delegates comprising of chiefs from the House of Nobles, some common citizens, and some missionaries to assemble a convention to re-write the constitution. Members at the convention refused to ratify the new constitution, so King Kamehameha V dismissed them and implemented the new constitution himself. The constitution of 1864 expanded the powers of the king, created a unicameral legislature, restricted freedom of the press, weakened the judicial, and discriminated against the poor through the institution of a property requirement for people to vote or serve in the legislature. The new constitution of 1864 contained 80 articles compared to the 106 articles in the constitution of 1852.

Peer review by Grace Tueller
I am from Hawaii, but I don't know very much about the monarchical constitutions of Hawaii, so I thought this was really interesting. One question I had, although you might not have the space/time/etc to address this for our assignment, was how the 1852 constitution compared to the Bayonet Constitution in 1887. Did they have anything in common? Anyway, that might not be something you want to focus on, but I did like how you compared it to the previous constitution, so a comparison to a later one seemed like it might work too. Another question I had was about the 1856 Amendment. Was there something that prompted the change to meeting biannually? I'm glad you said you will keep adding to the section on Kamehameha III because I think that will help set up the historical context even more. I also wondered about the scholarly value of some of your sources. Are there other more scholarly articles you could use to reference the same information? One last thing, I was a little confused by the sentence "The constitution also created a judicial branch similar to the continental U.S. which established a supreme court." Did Hawaii's judicial branch establish a supreme court or did the United States (I don't think you would need to specify continental since Hawaii wasn't a part of the U.S. at that point). Overall, good job!

Thanks for the great feed back Grace! We have looked for some more scholarly articles, but there isn't too much on this topic out there. We will sort through our sources though to make sure they are all credible. I think adding something about he following constitution would also be really useful, but hadn't thought of that before so thanks for pointing it out!

Abbie Jefferies' Peer Review
Great job! So far this article is pretty interesting and I've never heard about any of this before so it's really cool. So first of all, don't forget to have a title! I started reading this a little confused because there was no title telling me the subject, so make sure to add one. A little more information would be helpful in some sections like the introduction and King Kamehameha III, but I get this is only a rough draft. I also think some more sources are needed. There were not a lot of references to sources throughout your article, so make sure to add those in and find credible ones. The only other things I noticed were just a lot of spelling or grammatical errors, so read through everything again and have someone else check it as well to catch those errors. Overall, I liked this article, great job!