User:CulJ/sandbox

INTRODUCTION REVISION

Display rules are a social group's informal norms about when, where, and how one should express emotions.[1] These culturally-prescribed rules are typically learned early on in people’s lives through interaction and socialization with others.[2] Individuals may frequently adjust their displays of emotion to assimilate within a specific setting.[5] Display rules vary greatly worldwide, particularly between high-contact and low-contact cultures.[3]


 * Note: Some elements from original introduction will not be completely removed. Rather, they will be moved to appropriate subsections later in the article.

 Summary of Article: Display Rules 

The article’s existing introductory section can, and will, be significantly improved upon. A significant period of time will be spent perfecting the introduction due to the crucial nature of its influence on the reader’s attention span (and probability of reading further down the page). The first approach to improving the section will be making it even more clear and concise. Despite already being less than 170 words, the introduction can be further consolidated to just one paragraph – albeit, an effective one. Building upon that, the vocabulary will be less advanced in this section compared to other areas in this article, with more advanced academic jargon being limited (example: final sentence of introductory section). Grammatical errors, such as the lack of subject verb agreement in paragraph two, will be corrected.

Regarding the already existing citations, there are a few adjustments to the article that need to be made. Most importantly, direct paraphrasing of sections sourced from the cited pages will be removed, with proper Wikipedia plagiarism protocol being adhered to (examples of citations that need to be rephrased are citations 2 and 6). Cited journals that have been checked (and confirmed) for legitimacy but are missing URLs will have digital sources provided in the References section (example: Citation 6). Legitimate articles that are behind paywalls will still have their contents reviewed – if not, they will be removed completely. One potential area of concern is the previous authors’ repeated use of single author. Despite being sourced from a number of individual journals spanning a period of 20 years, more diversity in the range of authors used will eliminate the possibility for a reader to assume any biases involved in the article. This was a major focus when searching for additional sources to add to the article; all new sources come from individual sources with unique authors. The “Emotions and social influence” section is the strongest portion of the existing article, and will mostly be left as is. There will be an attempt to find more modern sources to replace (or further support) the original citations.

In the section “Culture,” the aforementioned adjustments will be used. Additionally, the “clunky” wording in this section (example: paragraph two of this section) will be corrected. Although initially considered for complete removal, the paragraph using citation 7 will be kept, after inspecting the source and concluding that it was one of the strongest citations in the entire article. This area will, however, be moved to the latter portion of the section. Furthermore, a second study supporting the previous study will be added, focusing on a real-life example of different cultures display rules in action, involving varying counseling approaches depending on the culture they reside in. The focus of the “Culture” section will be the specific correlation between high and low-context cultures and their levels of display rules. Unfortunately, the previous author uses the terms “context” and “contact” interchangeably. The final paragraph discusses various cultures’ amounts of physical contact (without even linking back to the topic of display rules) while using citations and linking to the Wikipedia page on high and low-context cultures. The existing paragraph and its focus on contact will be removed entirely, with the focus of the section being solely on the correlations between high/low-context cultures and their varying display rules. This is one of the existing sections that has the potential to be further elaborated on, due to its importance to the “Culture” section as a whole. The connection between display rules and the amount of context in a culture’s communication serves as a backbone for the entire section.

After correcting the existing portions of the article, the majority of the time spent on the article will be on adding two new sections (or subsections): a section on the evolution or growth of display rules that are learned through various stages of life (i.e. the age of the individual) and a section on the difference in display rules among genders. These two topics were the primary focus when searching for new sources. Examples of articles to be used among the sources gathered regarding display rules among age and gender groups are “Learning Display Rules: The Socialization of Emotion Expression in Infancy,” “Display Rules for Anger and Aggression in School-Age Children,” and “Gender, emotion and power in work relationships.”

 Works Cited 

Diefendorff, James M., et al. "Are emotional display rules formal job requirements? Examination of employee and supervisor perceptions." Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, June 2006, p. 271+. Business Collection, db19.linccweb.org/login?url= http://go.galegroup.com.db19.linccweb.org/ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw=w&u=lincclin_pbcc&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA148564537&asid=c2bc3ee26126ff6c40871efbd46d407b. Accessed 7 Oct. 2017.

"Emotional Competence and Emotional Regulation: Social Referencing Emotional Display Rules." Key Concepts in Developmental Psychology, Rudolph H. Schaffer, Sage UK, 1st edition, 2006. Credo Reference, http://db19.linccweb.org/login?url=http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sageukdp/emotional_competence_and_emotional_regulation_social_referencing_emotional_display_rules/0?institutionId=6086. Accessed 07 Oct 2017.

Hutchison, Ashley and Larry Gerstein. "Emotion Recognition, Emotion Expression, and Cultural Display Rules: Implications for Counseling." Journal of Asia Pacific Counseling, vol. 7, no. 1, Jan. 2017, pp. 19-35. EBSCOhost, doi:10.18401/2017.7.1.3.

Malatesta, Carol Zander, and Jeannette M. Haviland. “Learning Display Rules: The Socialization of Emotion Expression in Infancy.” Child Development, vol. 53, no. 4, 1982, pp. 991–1003. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1129139.

Underwood, Marion K., et al. “Display Rules for Anger and Aggression in School-Age Children.” Child Development, vol. 63, no. 2, 1992, pp. 366–380. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1131485.

Yagil, Dana. "Display Rules for Kindness: Outcomes of Suppressing Benevolent Emotions." Motivation & Emotion, vol. 39, no. 1, Feb. 2015, pp. 156-166. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1007/s11031-014-9418-1.

Zeman, Janice, and Judy Garber. “Display Rules for Anger, Sadness, and Pain: It Depends on Who Is Watching.” Child Development, vol. 67, no. 3, 1996, pp. 957–973. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1131873.

 Self-Discrepancy Theory - Article Evaluation 

In the second paragraph of the article, Higgins is referenced in-text without any introduction of the individual (including his or her credentials). Additionally, one of Higgins’s works is referenced a total of 27 times; of those 27 citations, all of them come from a  20-page section of the source. Two other Higgins works are also referenced in the article. Regardless of the credibility of the author (which is extremely high in this case given that Mr. Higgins developed Self-Discrepancy Theory), a more diverse range of sources that support Higgins’s work would be beneficial to the article, serving as a stronger support for Higgins’s experience in the field.

Among other recommended changes in the article are fixing the lack of capitalization in the article’s Title and Contents sections, adding more detailed and relevant content to the “Domains of the Self” and “Standpoints of the Self” sections, and diversifying the sources (as mentioned in the previous paragraph) cited in the “Self-Guide” section. In the “Another Domain of Self” section, a comma needs to be added after “1999.” The last sentence of the section needs to be cited or removed entirely. The topic discussed in the final sentence of the “Accessibility” section needs to be expanded upon. CulJ (talk) 00:13, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

 Topics 
 * Display Rules


 * Social Information Processing Theory (including Cues-Filtered-Out Model)
 * Flaming (including Flame Trolling and Flame Wars)
 * Affect Display
 * Speech Anxiety (Glossophobia)