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Drafts for ANT450.

Current Word Count: 1537

Mortgage law

History 2.4 Mortgage and Colonization Practices

Mortgage and foreclosure were used as a means by the Dutch and other colonists to acquire land from native peoples in North America. This was a successful endeavor partially due to cultural differences in the understanding of land ownership. The practice followed a series of steps. Colonists would draw native peoples into their debts through credit that the natives would then need to create mortgages to repay. The debt would generally be one that the natives would be unable to pay in a reasonable time frame and thus foreclosure would be enforced and the land acquired by the colonists (99 words). Glocalization

6 Agriculture

Glocalization is also occurring within the agricultural sphere. One case brought up by of this has been in soy farming. Previously, there were numerous small-scale soy farms along the easts coast of the USA. However, as larger corporations outcompeted smaller ones, attentions have been turned abroad. Ofstehage refers to this change from small, personal farms to large corporate ones as a part of financialization. Ofstehage expands on this concept by giving the example of the current soy market in Brazil. As financialization has led to land being more expensive and harder to come by in the states, farmers have turned their attention abroad. This farm crisis in the US was a result of increasingly large corporate farms driving out small family farms and acquiring more and more land. Due to this, farmers both new and experienced who are privileged to have capital and/or investors, have turned their attention abroad. Many have begun to invest in Brazilian land to grow soy with the money from friends, investors, neighbors, or savings. These transnational farmers have had great success but as more farmers have followed these steps the cycle has begun anew. Looking to further expand, farmers often take three paths for further profit and financialization. They either sell their Brazilian farms to a new hopeful farmer, or they keep their farm but return to the states to manage it internationally, or they truly begin anew. Specifically, the farmers sell their Brazilian land and turn to Piauí or Tocantins, places where soy grows well and land is still cheap (257 words). Conservation management system

Conservation management systems in practice: Poorly managed or incorrectly manage conservation practices can have consequences beyond what is initially expected while successful plans can make positive change. One example of unintended consequences of the Classic approach is the spread of organized crime in the Mexican Oyamel forest. The land was made part of UNESCO's Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve Program and had the intention of protecting the migratory habitat of the monarch butterfly. Locals were pushed out to protect the habitat as part of the classic management approach. However, local crime organizations have now taken up residence and there have been numerous deaths and 'disappearances' in the area An example of a plan that made positive change was that of the use of technoscience to create American chestnut trees that were resistant to blight. Through crosses and manipulations, a lab at SUNY-ESF was able to create a blight resistant strain of hybrid American chestnut trees. In order to prevent privatization and patenting from limiting the access of conservation endeavors from using this strain, the lab chose to forego such neoliberal practices. This has led to positive impact in the conservation endeavors for the American chestnut tree but has also opened up the door to further biotechnological advances and possible commodification of related strains.

Far-right politics in Germany (1945–present)

The National Democratic Part (NPD) in Germany has made efforts to be incorporated into the environmental movement in an effort to attract new members amongst the younger generations. They have published conservation magazines including Umwelt und Aktiv (Environment and Active. This magazine and others of its kind incorporate both environmentalism and tips as well as far-right propaganda and rhetoric. It's argued by an anonymous member of the Centre for Democratic Culture that this endeavor is in part a rebranding of the NPD. They argue that the party is attempting to become associated with environmentalism and not politics.(97 words). Violence

Under philosophical

Johan Galtung presents a three tier theory of violence. These tiers are direct violence, structural violence, and cultural violence. Direct violence refers to interpersonal violence such as manipulation, murder, and assault. These are the forms of violence that directly impede on the ability of someone to meet their basic needs or safety. Structural violence refers to the institutional or systematics of a society that make it difficult for certain groups to access necessary resources. These can be formal or informal and can prevent both equality and equity. Structural violence can include laws and policies. Cultural violence refers to the mechanisms and norms of a society that allow, excuse, or justify direct and structural violence. Forms of cultural violence include racism and xenophobia. Cultural violence can be passed down throughout generations, remaining unquestioned. (132 words) Spatial organization

in lead:

Spatial organization is how something is organized internally as well as externally in relation to its surroundings. It can be viewed both on a large or small scale and may also include in its discussion, the factors and conditions that lead to a specific organization pattern. In the frame of biology this may include the abiotic and biotic factors that a population is immersed in. In the frame of civilization, spatial organization may include if an area is rural, suburban, or urban. Spatial organization can even include one manages and organizes their lawn to meet social norms. (97 words) Environmental skepticism

Environmental skepticism can also be the result of cultural and lived experiences. Nature conservation

C.A. Claus presents a distinction for conservation practices. Claus divides conservation into conservation-far and conservation-near. Conservation-far is the means of protecting nature by separating it and safeguarding it from humans. Means of doing this include the creation of preserves or national parks. They're meat to keep the flora and fauna away from human influence and have become a staple method in the west. Conservation-near however is conservation via connection. The method of reconnecting people to nature through traditions and beliefs in order to foster a desire to protect nature. The basis is that instead of forcing compliance to separate from nature onto the people, instead conservationists work with locals and their traditions to find conservation efforts that work for all. (120 Words)

Blue coral

The world's largest deposit of blue coral is in Shiraho, Japan. This deposit however was threatened by the possible development of an airport in 1989. The airport was to be placed over the coral bed and would have resulted in the destruction of these rare coral. Transnational organizations such as the World Wide Fund for Nature stepped in and with public support managed to prevent the construction. The organization also constructed a field research station at the site to further study the corals. The airport was eventually built but at a location where it wouldn't harm the corals. The Fund then attempted to implement their typical procedures of creating protected areas for the coral. However, the prior support from the public disappeared. The residents of Shiraho were opposed to the creation of such areas.

Conservationists thus took a different approach. They attempted to further connect the community of Shiraho with the sea, beyond just fishing, to try and inspire a desire to conserve the area. What resulted was the revitalization of sanizu. It is a local celebration where the people give back to the sea gods. The tradition had decreased in prevalence over the years due to a variety of reasons including economic pressure and other local socioeconomic conditions. The Fund was unable to initiate the celebration so instead they provided the tools and resources for it. This led to a large-scale sanizu celebration where both locals and conservationists connected with the sea. (243) Semipalatinsk Test Site-legacy

The people within  Koyan, Kazakhstan chave been affected by the radiation and have suffered from radiation caused illnesses just as other surrounding areas have. However, unlike other communities, the citizens of Koyan have formed an identity around this fact. The people consider themselves to be a new breed of human, a step-up evolution. As they understand it, they are mutants who have grown and adapted to the radiation present in their home. In their eyes, the air and food is poisonous and the people consume this and yet live. Thus, they must be adapting to the radiation and that is why people only get a 'little sick'. They even have begun to believe that they are so used to radiation that their bodies require it. This belief has stemmed from the fact that the majority of individuals that moved away from the city died within two years. As such, to those left behind, it seems that the lack of radiation killed them. This has further cemented their belief that they are 'radioactive mutants'.

The locals also believe that their status is backed by science. The basis of this was a training exercise performed by the Comprehensive Test-Ban-Treaty Organization (CTBTO). The exercise was based around a hypothetical nuclear explosion, so they came in wearing full protective gear. The citizens of Koyan witnessed this but were not informed of the 'exercise' status nor the reason for the outsiders' presence. As such the citizens perceived strangers having to wear protective gear to enter the area around their community while they, the residents, had no need. This further cemented their belief that they must be radioactive mutants as other people seemed to need protection to exist within their home. (285)