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The Parliament of Paicaví of 1612 was the first serious attempt to end the Arauco War and establish an "armed peace" (paz armada) between the Mapuches and the newly arrived Spanish settlers in Chile. It occurred after the end of the Mapuche offensives that culminated in the Battle of Curalaba, which over the next several years resulted in the destruction of all colonial cities south of the Biobío River. Governor Alonso de Ribera wanted to maintain a defensive strategy and Father Luis de Valdivia, who had recently arrived from Spain, was given approval by authorities there and in Rome to implement what came to be known as Defensive War.

Background
The parliament was convened at a time when the Spanish found themselves at a low ebb militarily against the Mapuche. According to a contemporary document, the settlers in Colonial Chile felt themselves "denuded of honor and prestige."