User:Cwilki02

Tephrosia vogelii
Tephrosia vogelii is a herb or small tree that is native to tropical Africa and has also been used in tropical America as well as South and Southeast Asia . It is commonly used to deter pests and diseases, specifically fleas and ticks on animals. It is not suitable for livestock or human consumption because it is not highly nutritious and can be poisonous for fish and some other animals . Hunger and poverty across the world is a growing issue and this plant can be used as solution to help alleviate this problem.

Description
Tephrosia vogelii is commonly known as the “fish bean”, “fish-poison bean”, or “vogel’s tephrosia” . It is a small tree used by farmers in numerous countries in Africa to get rid of pests on livestock, control pests in cultivated fields as an organic pesticide, improves soil fertility, as a medicine for skin diseases and internal worms, and for storage of crops . Tephrosia is a soft, woody herb with dense foliage. It stands 0.5-4 m tall, and contains stems and branches with short and long white or rusty brown hairs. Long, narrow leaves branch out from stems, as well as sack like shapes that contain the seeds of the plant for reproduction .  The use of  “Tephrosia leaf extract as a low cost acaricide is spreading to farmers in central Kenya” and has been very successful in terms of its results.

History, Geography and Ethnography
As previously stated, Tephrosia is native to tropical Africa. It was introduced as a cover crop in tropical America as well as South and Southeast Asia . In 1908, it was introduced to Java and is now grown and found throughout regions of Malesia. In Sub-Saharan Africa, Tephrosia vogelii is a wild growing plant. Traditionally in Kenya, it has been used by Samburu and Massai pastoralists to get rid of ticks on their livestock. Recently, it has been investigated for its use within smallscale dairy herds in Mashonaland Central Province in Zimbabwe . Striking similarities have been found between Tephrosia extract and Triatix dip, which is the most common conventional acaricide. Research has revealed that there is no difference between the two, and Tephrosia has been recommended for smallscale farmers in regions where veterinary drugs are not readily available.

Growing Conditions
When it comes to its growing conditions, Tephrosia vogelii comes with many benefits. Firstly, it only takes three months to mature. Since it is a nitrogen fixing plant, it can be intercropped with other plants and used as a source of green manure. It is also good as a shade or boundary crop and can be planted between rows of other plants or around the circumference. Planting of Tephrosia should be done at the beginning or middle of the rainy season in the region . 	It is found in various habitats and can adapt to many different climates and weather types. Tephrosia is grown in vegetations similar to the savannah, grassland areas, forest margina, shrubland, wasteland and fallow fields .  Since it is highly adaptable, this plant a great option to grow in most areas. Tephrosia reproduces through seeds. Without pesticide and chemical treatment, the seedling survival rate is 60% . Germination is stimulated when it is soaked in warm water . Since it grows slowly, it does not compete with maize or other crops, though there may be some competition with weeds. Planting stations require weeding and care during the beginning of the growth period . It is tolerant to pruning, drought, strong wind, and grazing . However, drought often stops it from re-sprouting, so the more water it has, the more successful it will be for future use .

Stress Tolerance
Tephrosia grows better in acidic soils, and forms root nodules while fixing atmospheric nitrogen. It grows more slowly in poor soils and is also more prone to diseases, though it is still typically fairly successful . It grows best where the average temperature sits between 12 and 27 degrees celsius which is a moderate temperature and makes this plant adaptable in many places. It needs about 850-2650 mm of rainfall annually on average. It grows well on andosols soil type which is not subject to flooding. This unique plant is also tolerant to poor soils with a low pH though it is not the best for it.

Uses of Tephrosia
Tephrosia can be used for various purposes besides human and livestock consumption which makes it a diverse and helpful plant. It’s most common use is for organic tick control. First, leaves from the Tephrosia plant are ground up and a juice is extracted which is then used on the animal. The green liquid from the plant is mixed with water and is then applied to the animal’s skin with a piece of cloth or a sponge. A little bit of soap can be added to the liquid to make it stick to the skin. Usually it is left on the animal for a week after which results appear. It is only effective against ticks that still have soft skin and are immature. This is a great practice for farmers that do not have access to veterinary medicine. Tephrosia can also be used as a fish poison, because chemicals in the plant react to chemicals in the fish and stupefy them so they can be easily caught . 	Tephrosia vogelii is not used for human or livestock consumption, although another great use is for a natural, organic pesticide on farmer’s crops. Its leaves contain high amounts of nutrients, including nitrogen, which is important for good plant development 3. When Tephrosia trees are cut down, the leaves are worked into the soil and the nutrients can then be used by the plants that are grown in the field after .

Economics
Though this plant is not typically used for trade or profit, it is very economical to the farmers themselves. The affordability of Tephrosia makes it very attractive to subsistence and small scale farmers who raise livestock. Tephrosia vogelii seeds are typically sold for around $0.20 per kilo, which is very inexpensive compared to most other crop seeds offered on the market . In Kenya specifically it is readily available at the Kenya Organic Agricultural Network offices and KIOF.

Constraints to Wider Adoption
One limitation to this crop is that because it is used as a fish poison and is poisonous to various species, the Kenyan authorities have banned its cultivation near large bodies of water. This means that people that live in coastal areas cannot grow this crop close to where they live because of its dangers to the lives of marine animals. Tephrosia is not adopted in a more broad spectrum due to the fact that it is not for livestock or human consumption. If it had nutritional values and was safe to eat, it might be more commonly grown or sold for profit. Because it is mainly used to deter pests from livestock, it is often forgotten about when farmers think about planting or adapting to new crops to plant. This is a disadvantage because Tephrosia would be a very helpful crop if more farmers knew about it.

Practical Information
This plant can be very useful for farmers as it can help improve soil fertility, rid pests from storage crops and livestock, and can be used as a pesticide on other crops in the field. Planting seeds is easy after the simple germination process. The plant only takes 3 months to mature, and seeds can be collected from trees between July and September typically by picking the brown pods with ripe seeds . They can be easily stored which is another advantage for farmers and can be spread on other crops to protect them from pests while they are also in storage . It is a cheap solution for farmers without access to veterinary medicine, and can ensure protection of their domestic animals . For more information on this topic, there are various online resources that can be used, specifically in the New Agriculturalist or paceproject.net .