User:Cwilso20/sandbox

Sexual
Sexual harassment is an offensive or humiliating behavior that is related to a person's sex. It can be a subtle or overt sexual nature of a person (sexual annoyance, e.g. flirting, expression of sexuality, etc.) that results in wrong communication or miscommunication, implied sexual conditions of a job (sexual coercion, etc.). It includes unwanted and unwelcome words, facial expressions, sexual attention, deeds, actions, symbols, or behaviors of a sexual nature that make the target feel uncomfortable. This can involve visual or suggestive looks or comments, staring at a person's body, or the showing of inappropriate photos. It can happen anywhere, but is most common in the workplace, schools, and the military. Even if certain civility codes were relevant in the  past, the changing cultural norms calls for policies in workplaces to avoid intentional fallacies between sexes and among same sexes. Women are substantially more likely to be affected than men. The main focus of groups working against sexual harassment has been the protection of women, but in recent years awareness has grown of the need to protect LGBTQ (for right of gender expression), transgender women and men.

Workplace
Workplace harassment is the offensive, belittling or threatening behavior directed at an individual worker or a group of workers. Workplace harassment can be verbal, physical, sexual, racial, or bullying.

Recently, matters of workplace harassment have gained interest among practitioners and researchers as it is becoming one of the most sensitive areas of effective workplace management. In some East Asian countries, it has attracted substantial attention from researchers and governments since the 1980s, because aggressive behaviors have become a significant source of work stress, as reported by employees. Under occupational health and safety laws around the world, workplace harassment and workplace bullying are identified as being core psychosocial hazards.

Bullying acts
These are some of the bullying acts in nursing:

• undermining of work

• disadvantaging the target

• physical abuse (rare)

• verbal abuse

• isolating individuals

• interfering in work practices

• continual criticism

• sarcasm

• demeaning

• destroying confidence

• fabricating complaints (false accusations)

• setting up to fail

• racial harassment

• psychological harassment

• threatening behavior or actions

• isolating the person

• destroying self-esteem

• biased reporting

• indebting to superior

• taking advantage

Such acts are frequently insidious, continuing over periods of time that may be years. Bullies are often serial bullies. The bullies are invariably aware of the damage they are doing. They undertake such actions basically to gain control and power.

Incivility
Workplace incivility can have a tremendous impact on the quality of nursing care. This can cause stress on nurses, and can cause them to have job dissatisfaction. Laschinger, Leiter, Day, and Gilin found that among 612 staff nurses, 67.5% had experienced incivility from their supervisors and 77.6% had experienced incivility from their coworkers. Rude remarks from a patient or family member can distract healthcare professionals and cause them to make mistakes and to provide suboptimal healthcare. A study done by Kanitha and Naik found that 91% of nurses who experience workplace incivility are females, and that 77% of nurses have experiences incivility in their workplace.

Bullying of nurses by managers
The bullying of nurses by their managers is called hierarchal violence, wherein a person of power bullies a less powerful person. An example of this would be a manager to a staff nurse. Often, this occurs with the main purpose of disempowering the person in lesser power. Hierarchal violence involves frequent, intentional humiliating and destructive actions toward a person. According to a study done by Ebrahimi, this can include:


 * verbal abuse
 * humiliation
 * excessive criticism
 * sarcasm
 * intimidation
 * denial of access to opportunities
 * discouragement

In 2003 the Community Practitioners' and Health Visitors' Association in the UK carried out a survey showing that half of the health visitors, school nurses and community nurses working in the National Health Service (NHS) have been bullied by their managers. One in three of the 563 people questioned said the bullying was so bad they had to take time off work. Constant criticism and humiliation were the most common complaints. Others said they were shouted at or marginalised. During Ebrahimi's study done in 2017, it was found that a majority of nurses, typically new graduate nurses, experience some type of bullying by someone in a greater power of position to them.

Consequences
Not only does incivility in nursing has a negative influence in the well-being of staff, the delivery of quality care, and the culture of safety, but also contributes to the nursing faculty shortage. There is an increase in nurses' dissatisfaction in their jobs, which is contributing to the ongoing struggle with nurses leaving faculty positions and taking early retirement. Therefore, it is necessary for all healthcare faculty members to have a clear understanding of the cause and effect of incivility and possible strategies to reduce incivility rate. The possible consequences of workplace violence for nurses includes:


 * health: mental, psychological, emotional, physical, social
 * anxiety and depression
 * loss of appetite
 * weight loss/gain
 * nausea or vomiting
 * nightmares
 * sleep difficulty
 * menstrual disturbances
 * feelings of shame/embarrassment
 * loss of self confidence
 * feeling of helplessness
 * feelings of isolation
 * destroyed self esteem
 * afraid of physical threats
 * feelings of inadequate support
 * high anxiety levels
 * shorter employment duration
 * lack of self confidence
 * reduced work performance
 * feeling unsafe
 * anger
 * anxiety
 * distress
 * injuries
 * anger
 * anxiety
 * distress
 * injuries

Associated terms
Horizontal violence is often the same term used when referring to bullying in nursing. This term describes the appalling behavior shown by colleagues in the nursing field. Such demeaning behavior makes the work place stressful and unpleasant. Another term associated to bullying in nursing is hierarchal violence. This occurs when a person in a position of power, such as a nurse manager or head nurse, bullies a person in lesser power, such as a staff nurse. Lateral violence occurs when one staff nurse were to harass another staff nurse, with neither of them being in a higher position of power than the other.