User:Cydneearlene/sandbox

Contribution:

I mainly focused on adding more information rather than editing what was already there. I added a few sources to support information that was not cited to make the article more reputable. I made a few grammatical changes to previously existing information. I also added the definition of parental demandingness in Baumrind's parenting typology because the theory is characterized by parental demandingness and responsiveness and only the definition for responsiveness was there. I also added a whole section on Differential Parenting to talk about when parents in one family have different parenting styles for their children and how it affects family dynamic and also individual child development. The majority of the article I feel focused on parenting styles within the United States, however there were a few sections talking about parenting within different countries. I added a small section talking about how authoritarian parenting is much more common in other countries for parents to use more of an authoritarian parenting style, but this does not have negative effects on the children. The majority of the article focused on one theory, Baumrinds Parenting Typology. I wanted to add more of a variety of theories in to this section so I added Attachment theory, which mainly focuses on a parent and child relationship during infancy and early childhood. However I found research about how secure vs insecure parenting attachment continues during adolescence and how if affects a childs development through emerging adulthood. If I were to ever add more to this article I would continue to add more information about parenting styles in other countries and also add more citations to other parts of the article that were missing them.

Text Added:

Source added under "Baumrind's parenting typology" to support what someone else had previously written "Parental responsiveness refers to the degree to which the parent responds to the child's needs in a supportive and accepting manner.[better source needed] "

Baumrind's parenting typology[edit]
Diana Baumrind is a researcher who focused on the classification of parenting styles. Baumrind’s research is known as “Baumrind’s parenting typology”. In her research, she found what she considered to be the four basic elements that could help shape successful parenting: responsiveness vs. unresponsiveness and demanding vs. undemanding. Parental responsiveness refers to the degree to which the parent responds to the child's needs in a supportive and accepting manner.[better source needed] '''Parental Demandingness refers to the rules in which the parent has in place for their child's behavior, the expectations for the children to comply with these rules, and the level of repercussions that follow if those rules are broken. ''' (My text added is in bold)

Differential Parenting
Differential Parenting is when siblings individually receive different parenting styles or behavior from their parents. This most often occurs in families where the children are adolescents, and is highly related as to how each child interprets their parents behavior. Research shows that children who view their parents as authoritative generally tend to be happier and functioning at a higher level in a variety of areas. When analyzing the level of differentiation within a family it is important to look at the difference in the level of responsiveness (including specific characteristics of warmth, sensitivity, and postivity), control, leniency, and negativity that are directed at each individual child. Differential parenting often leads to a non-shared environment, which is when siblings have different experiences growing up in the same household, and different personal outcomes based off of their environment.

In most families with more than one child, parents will adjust their parenting styles accordingly based on what their child responds best to, however a high level of differential parenting can have negative effects on children. The effects that differential parenting has on families differs, but in general there are usually negative effects on both children. The severity of effects are more extreme for the child who is viewed as disfavored. The ‘disfavored’ child generally has a variety of personal development issues such as low self-esteem and depression. The favored child tends to have a higher self-esteem and have more friends in school. However, studies show that both the favored and disfavored child tend to have problems with Interpersonal relationship s as well as problems with managing their emotions. A high level of differential parenting also influences how siblings treat one another, and the level of conflict in the sibling relationship. Research shows that this is due in part to children imitating their parent’s behaviors. (Added this entire section)

Authoritarian
The parent is demanding but not responsive.

Authoritarian parenting is a restrictive, punishment-heavy parenting style in which parents make their children follow their directions with little to no explanation or feedback and focus on the child's and family's perception and status. Corporal punishment, such as spanking, and shouting are forms of discipline frequently preferred by authoritarian parents. The goal of this style, at least when well-intentioned, is to teach the child to behave, survive, and thrive as an adult in a harsh and unforgiving society by preparing the child for negative responses such as anger and aggression that the child will face if his/her behavior is inappropriate. In addition, advocates of this style often believe that the shock of aggression from someone from the outside world will be less for a child accustomed to enduring both acute and chronic stress imposed by parents.

Authoritarian parenting has distinctive effects on children:


 * Children raised using this type of parenting may have less social competence because the parent generally tells the child what to do instead of allowing the child to choose by him or herself, making the child appear to excel in the short term but limiting development in ways that are increasingly revealed as supervision and opportunities for direct parental control decline.
 * Children raised by authoritarian parents tend to be conformist, highly obedient, quiet, and not very happy. These children often suffer from depression and self-blame.


 * For some children raised by authoritarian parents, these behaviors continue into adulthood.
 * Children who are resentful of or angry about being raised in an authoritarian environment but have managed to develop high behavioral self-confidence often rebel in adolescence and/or young adulthood.
 * Children who experience anger and resentment coupled with the downsides of both inhibited self-efficacy and high self-blame often retreat into escapist behaviors, including but not limited to substance abuse, and are at heightened risk for suicide.


 * Specific aspects of authoritarian styles prevalent among certain cultures and ethnic groups, most notably aspects of traditional Asian child-rearing practices sometimes described as authoritarian, often continued by Asian American families and sometimes emulated by intensive parents from other cultures, may be associated with more positive median child outcomes than Baumrind's model predicts, albeit at the risk of exacerbated downside outcomes exemplified by Asian cultural phenomena such as hikikomori and the heightened suicide rates found in South Korea, in India and by international observers of China before 2014. Quiverfull parents often use authoritarian-style parenting .Orthodox religious groups, Catholicism, Evangelism and others..
 * Many Non- Western parents tend to have more of an Authoritarian parenting style rather than Authoritative because adult figures are generally more highly respected in other countries. Children are expected to comply with their parents rules without question. This is a common critique of Baumrind’s Three Parenting Styles because Authoritarian parenting is generally associated with negative outcomes, however many other cultures are considered to use an Authoritarian parenting style and in most cases it does not negatively affect the child. (My text added in bold)

Attachment theory
Attachment theory was created by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. This theory focuses on the attachment of parents and children (specifically through infancy), and the aspect of children staying in close distance with their caregiver who will protect them from the outside world.

This theory includes to Possible Types of Attachment:


 * Secure attachment is when the child feels comfortable exploring their environment when their caregiver is not their, but uses them as a base for comfort and security if they become frightened.
 * Insecure attachment is when the child is hesitant to explore the environment on their own, and display reluctance in accept comforting from their parent.

Attachment theory in Adolescence
Although research for Attachment Theory is primarily focused on infancy and early childhood, research shows that there are affects on adolescent and parent relationships based on whether they have a secure or insecure attachment to one another. A parents interaction with their child during infancy creates an Internal working model of attachment, which is the development of expectations that a child has for future relationships and interactions based off of the interactions they had during infancy with their caregiver. If an adolescent continues to have a secure attachment with their caregiver, they are more likely to talk to their guardian about their problems and concerns, have stronger interpersonal relationships with friends and significant others, and also have a higher self esteem. Parents continue a secure attachment through adolescence through expressing understanding, having good communication skills, and allowing their child to safely begin to do things independently. (added this whole section)

Edited/added source: Deleted certain portions that were not necessarily true and not supported by citations

Authoritative parents set limits and demand maturity, and when punishing a child, authoritative parents are more likely to explain their reason punishment. In some cases, this may lead to more understanding and complying behavior from the child.