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NOTE: This sandbox is used after 22:13, 30 November 2015, so there have already some modifications directly on "Reputation Management" page.

Reputation management (RM) is the influencing and the control of an individual's or business's reputation. Originally a public relations term, the advancement of internet and social media expansion, along with reputation management companies, have made it primarily an issue of search results and a field more concerning about online society. Online Reputation Management is known as ORM. ORM is mostly used for evaluating the services and referrals and finding the most useful and reliable parties for users. It is widely used in lots of circumstances, not only in social media, also in blog posts, review sites, forums, competitor websites and press releases.

Reputation is the stakeholder’s overall evaluation of a company over time, so reputation management is very necessary. However, there are some ethical grey areas, such as mug shot removal sites, astroturfing review sites, censoring negative complaints or using SEO tactics to game the system and influence results. All of these need to be considered.

History
The concept was initially intended to broaden public relations outside of media relations. Academic studies have identified it as a driving force behind Fortune 500 corporate public relations since the beginning of the 21st century. As the Internet and social media became more popular, the meaning has shifted to focus on electronic communities, such as review sites, social media and—most prominently—the top search results on a brand or individual. The rise of the electronic communities has given birth to a lot of good things, meantime a lot of things that are not so good. Some companies even adopted unethical means to make their reputation look better.
 * In 2011, the reputation of Taco Bell restaurant was hardly damaged by the allegation that the seasoned beef was actually only 35% real beef. But the lawsuit finally failed, which mainly due to the effective reputation management on different social medias taken by Taco Bell in a short time.
 * In 2007, a study by the University of California Berkeley found that some sellers were undertaking reputation management on eBay by selling products at a discount in exchange for positive feedback to game the system.

Concepts
Reputation management (sometimes referred to as rep management, online reputation management or ORM) is the practice of attempting to shape public perception of a person or organization by influencing online information about that entity.

Specifically, reputation management aims on monitoring the reputation of an individual or a brand on the internet, addressing content which is potentially damaging to it, and using customer feedback solutions to get feedback or early warning signals to reputation problems. Most of reputation management is focused on pushing down negative search results. Under business circumstances, reputation management may attempt to bridge the gap between how a company perceives itself and how others view it.

Examples
Some examples of websites where a company may conduct reputation management is the feedback system on eBay, and Wikipedia. Google search results are a primary target of reputation management efforts. Some of the tactics used by reputation management firms include the following:


 * Improving the tagging and search engine optimization of company-published materials, such as white papers and positive customer testimonials in order to push down negative content.
 * Publishing original, positive websites and social media profiles, with the aim of outperforming negative results in a search.
 * Submitting online press releases to authoritative websites in order to promote brand presence and suppress negative content.
 * Submitting legal take-down requests if someone believes they have been libeled.
 * Getting mentions of the business or individual in third-party sites that rank highly in Google.
 * Creating fake blogs pretending to be a different person that shares the same name in order to push down negative search results on the actual person or brand.
 * Using spam bots and denial-of-service attacks to force sites with damaging content off the web entirely.
 * Astroturfing third-party websites by creating anonymous accounts that create positive reviews or lash out against negative ones.
 * Proactively offering free products to prominent reviewers.
 * Removal of online mug shots.
 * Proactively responding to public criticism stemming from recent changes.

Ethics
The practice of reputation management raises many ethical considerations. There is no agreement within the industry on where to draw the line on issues of disclosure, astroturfing, and censorship. Firms have been known to hire staff to pose as bloggers on third party sites without disclosing they were paid, and some have been criticized for asking websites to remove negative posts. In some instances, the act of unethical reputation management can itself be risky to the reputation of the firm, if their tactics to hide negative information are exposed. Mug shot removal services have been connected to mug shot publishing websites, resulting in a combined business model that Forbes referred to as the "embarrassment extortion industry."

Some firms practice ethical forms of reputation management. The Online Reputation Management Association tries to promote ethical best practices through a certification program. Google considers there to be nothing inherently wrong with reputation management as the industry was formed in 2007. Google even introduced a toolset in 2011 for users to monitor their online identity and request removal of unwanted content. Many firms are selective about clients they accept. For example, they may avoid individuals that committed violent crimes that are looking to push information about their crimes lower on search results.

As the industry has developed, general practices have become more standardized and the ethics of them have become more defined, although not always explicitly. The use of automation by some of the major review sites like Yelp has seen court cases dismissed, which may imply the use of algorithms to manage reviews is here to stay. In a different case, the automotive review site Edmunds.com sued a reputation management firm for posting fake reviews. Lawsuits like these may be an indicator that the review sites and other industry leaders are attempting to bring more transparency to online reviews while limiting manipulation by firms that are paid by businesses or consumers to artificially boost ratings or suppress negative reviews.

Fake reviews
Fake reviews are common in the online retailer site. Some products holders may ask sites to take down incorrect information and using online feedback to influence product development.

Amazon.com, one of the largest online retailers, has sued 1,114 people who are paid to publish fake five star reviews for mediocre products. These reviews were placed using a popular website for microtasks called Fiverr.com. A number of other companies offer fake Yelp and Facebook reviews, and one journalist amassed five star reviews for a business that doesn't exist, from social media accounts that have also given overwhelmingly positive reviews to "a chiropractor in Arizona, a hair salon in London, a limo company in North Carolina, a realtor in Texas, and a locksmith in Florida, among other far-flung businesses."

Justification
According to a 2010 study by Microsoft and Cross-Tab Market Research, 70 percent of companies have rejected candidates based on the candidate's online reputation, but only 7 percent of Americans believe it affects their job search. A survey by CareerBuilder.com found that 1 in 4 hiring managers used search engines to screen candidates. One in 10 also checked candidates' profiles on social networking sites such as MySpace or Facebook. According to a December 2007 survey by the Ponemon Institute, a privacy research organization, roughly half of U.S. hiring officials use the Internet in vetting job applications.

A joint study by online reputation management company BrandYourself and Harris Interactive found that:
 * 86% of online U.S. adults have used a search engine like Google to find more information about another person.
 * 75% of online U.S. adults have searched their own name in a search engine. Of those that searched their own name, almost half (48%) said most of the search results about them are not positive; nearly a third (30%) said nothing shows up about them at all.
 * Nearly a third (31%) of online U.S. adults that have searched another person online have looked up a politician. Of those that did, over half said the search influenced their voting decision.
 * Among online U.S. adults that have searched someone else online, 42% have searched someone before doing business with them. Of those that did, 45% have found something that made them decide not to do business.
 * Almost half (43%) of online U.S. adults that have searched someone else online have searched a potential date, significant other, or ex-boyfriend/girlfriend, making romantic searches one of the most common search among U.S. adults.

There are cases of reputable organizations or individuals—even those with newly created websites—that may find their brand or name listed in search engine's suggestions as scam. Domain names can be critical to an organization or person's reputation Such negative suggestions which are harmful to the reputation of the organization or individual are often caused by negative contents on personal blogs, complaint sites, scraper sites, forums and comment sections. In such cases where it is not possible to ask for the negative contents to be taken down, experts agree that reputation management is justifiable in this regard, and some experts advise that the proper thing to do is to push down the visibility of such negative search engine results through proactively publishing useful, positive information about the organizations or individuals.