User:DAR7/sandbox/Geography of Brazil/Curitiba

Curitiba ( Tupi: "Araucaria Nut Land", ) is a Brazilian municipality, capital of the state of Paraná , located at 934 meters of altitude in the first paranaense plateau , to approximately 110 kilometers of the Atlantic Ocean , distant 1 386 km to the south of Brasília , federal capital. With 1,917,185 inhabitants, it is the most populous municipality of Paraná and the South region, in addition to being the 8th most populous in the country , according to population estimate calculated by the IBGE for 2018. Founded in 1693, from a small bandeirante settlement, Curitiba became an important commercial stop with the opening of the tropeira road between Sorocaba and Viamão, coming, in 1853, to be the capital of the newly emancipated Province of Paraná. Since then, the city, known for its wide streets, maintained a pace of urban growth strengthened by the arrival of a large number of European immigrants throughout the nineteenth century, mostly Germans, Poles , Ukrainians and Italians , which contributed to the current cultural diversity.

Curitiba experimented with various urban plans and legislation aimed at controlling its growth, which led it to become internationally famous for its urban innovations and care for the environment. The largest of these was public transportation,   whose system inspired TransMilenio , which was established in Bogotá , Colombia.

It also has a high position in education indicators, the lowest illiteracy rate and the best quality in basic education among capitals. The Mastercard Index of Emerging Markets 2008, created with the intention of evaluating and comparing the performance of the cities in different functions that interconnected the markets and the commerce worldwide, positioned it like the 49th one with greater global influence. Curitiba was ranked by the 2015 Green Cities Index, conducted by Siemens with the Economist Intelligence Unit, as the most environmentally sustainable in Latin America. In addition, it was also considered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) one of the "creative cities" of Brazil in 2014, next to Florianópolis.

In a recent survey published by Forbes magazine, Curitiba was cited as the third most shrewd city in the world, which considers the city as a city that is concerned with being ecologically sustainable, with quality of life, good infrastructure and economic dynamism. Curitiba was classified as self-sufficient by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group & Network (GaWC). However, some socioeconomic problems persist, in 2016 the capital of Paraná was ranked 44th among the 50 cities with the highest homicide rates in the world.

Etymology and nicknames
The complexity of Curitiba's etymology varies according to a large number of authors. According to Antenor Nascentes, it is derived from the Tupi language " Ku'ri ", which means " pine " + " tuba ", a collective suffix that means "a lot of pinion, pinewood". Ex- Curituba, in the official spelling with "o" on the first syllable , remained the Corituba spelling, whose are the words curé , meaning " pig " + tyba, meaning "much" or coré + tyba, whose meaning in the whole is " many pigs ". The dictionaries of Antônio Gonçalves Dias, Orlando Bordoni, Luiz Caldas Tibiriçá , Silveira Bueno and Teodoro Sampaio show the almost equal version, varying a little: " curi-tyba" which means "many pines, pinheiral". According to information given by researcher Mario Arnaud Sampaio the term is derived from the pure Guarani language, " Kuri'yty" , corruption of " Kuri'yndy " meaning "pinheiral". The President of the State of Paraná, Affonso Alves de Camargo officially established the current orthography , Curitiba, through a Decree-Law, with a signature dated 1919, for until that time the name of the city was written both ways: " Curityba "And" Corityba "are very different.

The denomination of the natural inhabitants of the municipality is curitibanos, topônimo of one located in the neighboring state of Santa Catarina, that is, of Curitibanos , city created by historical residents of Curitiba.

Some titles of Curitiba were collected in the course of its history, being one of the most famous nicknames the one of City Sorriso. According to the availability of the story, this nickname arose in a boastful document as an attempt to reverse the famous antipathy suffered by the town's people. Another title given to the municipality was Ecological Capital, because the city's policies turn their attention to sustainability.

Colonial period
The beginnings of the present municipality of Curitiba go back to the seventeenth century, when the path of Queretiba was crossed by the bandeirantes, who came looking for gold outside the Serra do Mar , through Paranaguá. Eleodoro Ébanos Pereira headed the first official expedition that coordinated the services of exploration of gold mines in the Districts of the South (including Curitiba). The first names that appear in the history of Curitiba, after Ébano Pereira, are those of Baltasar Carrasco dos Reis and Mateus Martins Leme. However, according to the historian Romário Martins:

After facing the peripécias of the entrances and flags during the crossing of the mountain range, the Portuguese were accommodated in the town that was called Vilinha, according to registries left by historians. In 1668, a pillory was erected by Gabriel de Lara, called the settler , in the town of Our Lady of the Light of the Pine forests. A group of seventeen settlers attended the erection of the pillory. This was the beginning of the history of Curitiba. However, Gabriel de Lara is not described as who founded Curitiba, and the episode is attributed to Eleodoro Ébano Pereira by certain historiographers.

Subsequently, since it was not possible to find the scarce food and the gold that the Bandeirantes wanted, these pioneers were transferred to another place and established where Tiradentes Square and the Historic Center of Curitiba are located. The village, bordered by the Atuba and Bacacheri rivers, and the indigenous communities originated the Bairro Alto and Atuba districts. There is a legend about the foundation of Curitiba, narrated by a great number of historians, to which are related the groups of first settlers, whose representatives were the families Seixas, Soares and Andrade.

These bandeirantes, in dubious times, invited the chief of the Tindiquera Fields, on the banks of the Iguaçu River , to indicate the most suitable place to definitively settle the settlement. The cacique, in front of a group of inhabitants, took in the hand a great stick. After his long walks in a very extensive area of ​​fields, he fixed this rod on the ground and said: "Here", and in this place a small chapel, erected of stick-a-pique , was built in the same place where the church is the matrix of Curitiba, being succeeded by another, stone and clay, which served the community between 1714 and 1866, when the Metropolitan Cathedral was built.

On March 29, 1693, the village of Nossa Senhora da Luz dos Pinhais of Curitiba became Vila. [4] [34] At that time, according to Romário Martins, besides Mateus Martins Leme and Carrasco dos Reis, residents of Barigui, still lived in a village: [4]