User:DDG9912/Kazakh grammar

This article outlines the grammar of Kazakh language, in both Latin and Cyrillic scripts (see Kazakh alphabets).

When there is no separate columns for vocalic variants is presented, the capital letters are used (see also Kazakh language).

Nouns
Kazakh nouns are declined for 7 cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative, ablative, and instrumental) and numbers (singular and plural), and nouns can also have possessive suffixes. The suffixes have many allomorphs depending on final consonants.

Cases
Plurals are formed under this way: Other cases than nominative are formed by suffixing sonorant variants directly to the nominative plural suffix (e.g. accusative -lardy, genitive -lardyñ, dative -larğa, locative -larda, ablative -lardan, and instrumental -larben).

Possessive suffixes
Kazakh possessive suffixes are distinguished for T–V distinction in the second person, but not distinguished in possessee's number in second and third person. These forms are distinguished in possessed object's number by adding consonant variants into the plural suffix (see above, thus, balalar "children"→ balalarym "my children"). These forms are also used after genitive plural pronouns, except in the first person (senderdıñ balalaryñ instead of *senderdıñ balañ, means either "your child" or "your children").

There are voicing of final consonants -k-, -p-, -q- to -g-, -b-, -ğ- before possessive forms (but not when preceding plural suffixes), as in köbelek, köbelegı, but  köbelekterı "butterfly". However, some nouns elide last vowels instead of voicing final consonants (körık, körkı "beauty").

Note that there are some irregularities in the case declensions of possessive forms: dative suffix changes to -e/-е after first and second person suffixes and -ne/-не after the third person suffix, nasal variants of genitive, ablative, and instrumental suffixes are always used after third person, and accusative and locative suffixes has unique forms after third person -n/-н and -nde/-нде, respectively.

Verbs
In Kazakh, verbs are inflected for 11 tenses and moods (present, aorist, past, future, future intentional, obvious pluperfect, non-obvious pluperfect, transient past, conditional, optative, and imperative), with one of them (present tense) formed periphrastically. Inflection of Kazakh verbs also influenced by T–V distinction, with the second person forms being distinguished in numbers (singular and plural) and formality.

Personal markers
Aorist and non-obvious pluperfect personal markers are similar to general ones, except the 3rd person endings replaced by -dy/-dı (-ды/-ді) or -ty/-tı (-ты/-ті) after unvoiced consonants, instead of a null suffix. Desiderative mood personal markers, however, used possessive suffixes.

Finite tenses
Before consonant-starting endings, verb stems ending in voiced consonants b, d, g, and ğ (б, д, г, and ғ) are unvoiced to p, t, k, and q (п, т, к, and қ), respectively (tabu "to find" → past tapty but aorist tabady).

Class 1 personal markers
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" | Tense ! rowspan="2" | Kazakh name ! colspan="5" | Endings ! colspan="2" | Positive ! colspan="3" | Negative ! rowspan="2" | Present ! rowspan="2" | naq osy şaq нақ осы шақ
 * style="border-right:0;border-bottom:0" |
 * style="border-left:0;border-bottom:0" |
 * style="border-right:0;border-bottom:0" |


 * style="border-left:0;border-right:0;border-bottom:0" |
 * style="border-left:0;border-bottom:0" | + joq- (жоқ-)
 * colspan="2" style="border-top:0" | Final -b changes to -u before the converb suffix (tabu "to find" → tauyp), while final -l can be deleted alternatively (kelu "to come" → kelıp, kep).
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:0;border-top:0" |
 * style="border-left:0;border-top:0" |
 * style="border-left:0;border-top:0" |

! Aorist ! auyspaly keler şaq ауыспалы келер шақ After й (Cyrillic, i in Latin), the sequence -йа- merges to -я-, but it is not done in Latin where it simply remained as -ia-. Sequences of underlying -ıi-/-ій- and -yi-/-ый- are replaced by -i-/-и- (see § Irregular verbs). ! Future ! boljaldy keler şaq болжалды келер шақ ! Intentional future ! maqsatty keler şaq мақсатты келер шақ ! rowspan="2" | Obvious pluperfect ! rowspan="2" | būryñğy ötken şaq бұрынғы өткен шақ ! Non-obvious pluperfect ! būryñğy ötken şaq бұрынғы өткен шақ
 * colspan="2" |
 * colspan="3" |
 * colspan="2" |
 * colspan="3" |
 * colspan="2" |
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:0" |
 * style="border-left:0" | + emes- (емес)
 * colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
 * colspan="3" style="border-bottom:0" |
 * style="border-right:0;border-top:0" |
 * colspan="2" style="border-left:0;border-top:0" | + emes- (емес-) or joq- (жоқ)
 * colspan="2" style="border-left:0;border-top:0" | + emes- (емес-) or joq- (жоқ)
 * colspan="2" |
 * colspan="3" |
 * }
 * }

Possessive personal markers
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" | Tense ! rowspan="2" | Kazakh name ! colspan="5" | Endings ! colspan="2" | Positive ! colspan="3" | Negative ! rowspan="1" | Optative ! rowspan="1" | kalau rai калау рай
 * style="border-right:0" |
 * style="border-left:0" | + Positive forms of kelu (келу) "to come"
 * style="border-right:0" |


 * colspan="2" style="border-left:0" | + Negative forms of kelu (келу) "to come"
 * }
 * }

Irregular verbs
There are numerous verbs that normally contain underlying -ı-/-і- or -y-/-ы- on their root vowel in all verb forms but obscured in the infinitive form (infinitive estu/есту "to hear", imperative estı/есті, present estidı/естиді, but jazu/жазу "to write", jaz/жаз, jazady/жазады). There are about 11 pairs of verbs which differ by irregularity but alse their meanings: irregular pysu "get stronger" (imp. pysy) vs. regular pysu "get scared" (imp. pys).

There are 4 verbs, namely bürku/бүрку "to sprinkle", qorqu/қорқу "to fear", qyrqu/қырқу "to cut", and ırku/ірку "to delay" that have unelided forms before endings starting with consonants and the imperative mood, all of them contain medial consonant clusters: infinitive qorqu/қорқу "to fear", aorist qorqady/қорқады, but imperative qoryq/қорық, past qoryqty/қорықты. The endings used for the previous type of irregular verbs (see above) do not apply here.

In the present tense, verbs baru/бару "to go", kelu/келу "to come", aparu/апару "carry away", and äkelu/әкелу "bring" take converbs -a (а) or -e (е) instead of regular -(I)p (-(І)п), but also they always use auxiliary jatyr: bara jatyr/бара жатыр, not *baryp jatyr/барып жатыр. Also, the verbs tūru/тұру "to stand", jüru/жүру "to go", otyru/отыру "to sit", and jatu/жату "to lie down" may use respective auxiliary verbs without converbs: jatyrmyn/жатырмын "I'm lying down" instead of *jatyp jatyrmyn/жатып жатырмын. In colloquial speech however, jatyr is fused into the converb, creating true regular-irregular pairs:

Additionally, there is also defective verb *eu/*еу that only exists in distant past and simple past tenses: eken/екен and edi/еді, respectively. However, their inflections become more irregular by colloquial shortening, leaving regular long and irregular short forms.