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Reverse Compliment Polymerase Chain Reaction. (RC-PCR)
Reverse Compliment Polymerase Chain Reaction (RC-PCR) is a modification of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). It is primarily used to generate amplicon libraries for DNA sequencing by Next Generation Sequencing. The technique permits both the amplification and the ability to append sequences or functional domains of choice independently to either end of the generated amplicons in a single closed tube reaction. RC-PCR was invented in 2013 by Daniel Ward and Christopher Mattocks at Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, UK.

Principles
In RC-PCR, no target specific primers are present in the reaction mixture. Instead target specific primers are formed as the reaction proceeds. A typical reaction employing the approach requires four oligonucleotides. The oligonucleotides interact with each other in pairs; one oligonucleotide probe and one universal primer (containing functional domains of choice), which hybridise with each other at their 3’ ends. Once hybridised, the universal primer can be extended, using the oligonucleotide probe as the template, to yield fully formed, target specific primers, which are then available to amplify the template in subsequent rounds of thermal cycling as per a standard PCR reaction.

The oligonucleotide probe may also be blocked at the 3’ end preventing equivalent extension of the probe, but this is not essential. It should be noted that the probe is not consumed; it is available to act as a template for the universal primer to be ‘converted’ into target specific primer throughout successive PCR cycles. This generation of target specific primer occurs in parallel with standard PCR amplification under standard PCR conditions.

Advantages
RC-PCR provides significant advantages over other methods of amplicon library preparation methods. Most significantly it is a single closed tube reaction, this eliminates cross contamination associated with other two-step PCR approaches as well as utilising less reagent and requiring less labour to perform.

The technique also provides the significant advantage of the flexibility of appending any desired sequence or functional domain of choice to either end of any amplicon. This is currently most advantageous in modern Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) laboratories where a single target specific probe pair can be used with a whole library of universal primers. This benefit is used with NGS applications to apply sample specific indexes independently to each end of the amplicon construct. A Laboratory employing this approach would only require a single set of index primers which can be used with all target specific probes compatible with that index set. This significantly reduces the number and length of oligonucleotides required by the laboratory compared to using full length pre-synthesised indexed target specific primers.

The generation of the target specific primer in the reaction as it progresses also leads to more balanced reaction components. Concentrations of target specific primer are more aligned with target molecule concentration thereby reducing the potential of both off target priming and primer dimerization.

Variations

 * Multiplex RC-PCR – where two or more universal primer probe sets are present in the reaction mixture to amplify two or more targets simultaneously.
 * RT-RC-PCR – This modification is used when the template material supplied in the reaction is RNA rather than DNA. In this modification the reaction mixture also contains reverse transcriptase enzymes and reverse transcription primers as well as the RC primers and probes of the method. This approach permits both the reverse transcription of the provided RNA template, the formation of tailed target specific primers and the amplification of the desired targets in a single closed tube reaction.
 * Single ended RC-PCR – This variation of the method is used when only one complimentary universal primer probe pair is provided in the reaction to generate one target specific primer. The other target specific primer is provided as a tradition primer as per standard PCR.

History
Following the invention of RC-PCR in 2013 the technique was clinically validated and employed diagnostically for a range of both inherited diseases such as Hemochromatosis and Thrombophilia as well as somatically acquired disorders including Myeloproliferative neoplasms and Acute myeloid leukemia in the Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory (WRGL), Salisbury UK.

The patent application was filed in the UK in 2015 and awarded in 2020. Patent applications have been filed in other jurisdictions worldwide and are currently pending.

In May 2019 the Intellectual property was licensed to Nimagen B.V. to develop, manufacture and market kits exploiting the technology. Currently commercially available kits employing the technology include those for Human identification and tracking and more recently for the whole genome sequencing of the SARS-CoV-V2 virus for variant identification and tracking.