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Article evaluation: Hollow state
The “Hollow State” Wikipedia article is overall underwhelming. There are only five cited sources, and much of the information is repeated and does not seem to cover the subject in a comprehensive manner. The opening paragraph defines a hollow state as “a state which is generally considered to have the appearance of a properly functioning democratic nation or state. This state or nation has democratic elections, government laws, rules, regulations and standards. It has agencies, police, taxation, ministries and a military. What it does not have are the aforementioned acting in the best interest of the public but rather supporting the interests of autocracies, dictators, oligopolies, special interest groups and kleptocracies.” However; this idea is not supported by citation and is never mentioned again in the article. The statement is almost wholly political, and I have been unable to find any research supporting the claim that this definition accurately describes the meaning of the term “hollow state.” Almost as an afterthought in the introduction it is said that the term “hollow state” is used to describe “the use of third parties (private companies) to deliver social services and act in the name of the state.” This definition is supported by citation and the rest of the article focuses solely on this factor of the hollow state.

The rest of the article is separated into three categories: History, Infrastructure, and Contracting. The “history” section briefly describes the efforts by the Reagan and Bush administrations to privatize public service. It then splits into a section titled “purpose,” wherein it is explained that budget limiting by the aforementioned administrations led to the contracting out of government services, and “Original intentions,” where the articles author attempts to explain/defend the “good intentions” of the privatization efforts. This section comes across as speculative in my opinion, and only contains one citation. The “Infrastructure” section explains the mechanisms by which the hollow state functions, however there are no citations and little that ties this section to the rest of the article. The final section, “contracting,” attempts to explain the trend and reasoning behind government contracting of private organizations. This section is repetitive and simple, but well cited. I would merge this section with the “infrastructure” section, to create a new section covering the functions of the hollow state in a more comprehensive and less disjointed manner.

All in all, the article is in need of much expansion and refinement, and would greatly benefit from additional sources and information.

Annotated bibliography:
ALONSO, J. M., ANDREWS, R., & HODGKINSON, I. R. (2016). INSTITUTIONAL, IDEOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCES ON LOCAL GOVERNMENT CONTRACTING: EVIDENCE FROM ENGLAND. Public Administration, 94(1), 244-262.-

This study examines influences on decision-making in reference to government contracting. Previous research has focused on ideological and political influences; this study places the emphasis on institutional influences instead. By understanding the roll that institutional decision-making plays in the process of government contracting we can better understand the nature of the Hollow State.

Brinton Milward, H. (2012). Hollow state. In H. K. Anheier, & M. Juergensmayer (Eds.). The encyclopedia of global studies (pp. 808–809). London: Sage.

Encyclopedia entry defining and describing the Hollow State. Defines “Hollow state” as “a metaphor used to describe the practice of governments around the world that contract out any and everything to third parties, be they other governments, private firms, or nonprofit agencies.” That article does describe an alternative meaning for the hollow state as a situation in which a government is stripped of its ability to act or react in a certain function. However, the entry primarily views the hollow state as governments contracting with third parties to produce goods and services through taxpayer funding. This source is useful because it provides a concrete definition for the hollow state and makes for a strong starting point for further understanding.

Brinton Milward, H. (2014). The increasingly hollow state: challenges and dilemmas for public administration. Asia Pacific Journal Of Public Administration, 36(1), 70-79. doi:10.1080/23276665.2014.892275-

This study follows a 20-year program of research into government service implementation through contract networks. The researchers measure the “hollowness” of a state by the number of degrees of separation between the source of taxpayer funds and the use of said funds. The article focuses on implementation of mental health services, as this is the first field in which it became apparent that “whole systems of services were being contracted out and the role of the state was to select a non-governmental ‘governor’ for the system that would operate a network of third parties by contract.”  The research describes the complex interactions between the government, regional entities (non- or for- profit), and healthcare providers. The article takes a critical viewpoint and claims the process of governance in these networks is “unclear” and prone to systemic risk of failure.

Bryer, T. A. (2008). Warning: The Hollow State Can Be Deadly. Public Administration Review, (3). 587

Brief history of the Blackwater organization, a private military company that contracts with the American Government. The article reviews two texts: Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry and Blackwater: The Rise of the World’s Most Powerful Mercenary Army. The article uses evidence from both books to present the argument that “government oﬃcials and citizens need to be concerned about unchecked and unaccountable private security companies, both abroad and in the homeland.”

Curry, W. S. (2010). Government contracting: promises and perils. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, c2010-

A book intended to expose inefficiencies and perils in the current system of government contracting. The writers focus on examples of failure in the system and highlights the damage done to government reputation by corruption and incompetence. The book discusses the contracting process, ethics in contracting, contract administration, and contract completion. I think it will make a valuable source for information about the inner functioning, and possibility for failure, of the Hollow State.

Intro

 * The term Hollow State is used to describe a set of governmental practices in which states contract with third parties in order to distribute government services. In a hollow state there are many degrees of separation between the source of taxpayer funds and the final distribution of taxpayer-funded products or services. Services paid for by the state are produced by a vast network of providers and the task of the government is not to manage provision, but to negotiate contracts with providers. There is no "command and control" relationship between government and contractors. Contracts are managed by countless agencies and even more providers, there is no means of central record keeping or data management. A Hollow State has all the standard edifices of governance although most are under the influence of third-party organizations, either for-profit or non-profit entities.

History:

 * The history of government contracting goes back thousands of years. Mercenary bands were utilized by the ancient Greeks, Persians, and Romans. In the United States the history of government contracting is rooted in the history of English civil service. In the 1600s educated Englishmen could make a career out of negotiating the procurement of goods for local government, especially for the English military. This system was how much of English military procurement was carried out, and was brought to the colonies by English settlers. The English military in the colonies was expected to obtain its own supplies locally. To this end most military outfits employed a commissary general to obtain food and related supplies, and a quartermaster general to obtain supplies for construction, transportation, and weaponry. These officers had the authority to contract with local farmers and merchants. A version of this system was implemented by the Continental Congress during the American Revolution.
 * . The United States government increasingly implements policy through a complicated network of providers. The system relies on the collaboration of multiple levels of government, for-profit, and non-profit entities.
 * The history of the word is shorter than the history of the practice. As capitalism and big business grew, so did the so called influence and draw of a Hollow State to leaders

Purpose & Original intention (subsection of History)

 * Will likely be combined and altered. Current article is speculative and poorly sourced. Political advantages of community-based delivery and the potential for innovation. Necessary, or insufficient? Organizational capacity.

Infrastructure (Contracts):
The provisions of many social services occurs within a framework that has been termed the “Hollow State,” an approach to policy implementation that relies upon private or nonprofit organizations to deliver certain public goods, as such, the hollow state is an organizational model to describe a system of third party governance. The primary purpose of the hollow state is to function as a multi-organizational structure through which policy is designed and executed. By hollow state it is meant to be understood that it's a system consisting of units of government separated from their outputs but still linked by negotiation or contract. When nonprofit organizations receive contracts or grants to deliver public goods or services, the delegating agency assumes a sufficient level of capacity to implement the project or deliver the service. However, if the nonprofit community-based organizations are too limited in capacity to carry out their grants or contracts, then a disconnect occurs in the hollow state. One of the primary reasons privatization occurs is because of the severe capacity that limitations force the government to contract for services it does not have the ability to provide. Usually this would involve a private development network supported by a public administration like the Chamber of Commerce and several private businesses. There are 2 types of networks that exist in the hollow state: horizontal and vertical. Horizontal networks consist of 3 types, policy making, resource exchange, and project based, all of which are between governments and non-governmental organizations. Vertical networks are the collaborations that occur between federal, state, and local governments.The purpose of this collaboration is to devise strategy for business retention, expansion, or recruitment. The reason city economics developers reach out to surrounding organizations and become multiple networks is due to the fact economic policy is designed and implemented under ambiguity and uncertainty. As complexities increase grassroots initiatives become more sought after. Most nonprofit organizations are started with passion and enthusiasm for resolving a particular issue. Many of these are the small grassroots or community-based nonprofits that meet important human service needs for a specific geographic area or population. Furthermore, the need for more nongovernmental actors to deliver local services hence more actors equates to more hollowing of the state. In fact publicly funded social services are an increasingly important component of social provision spending and accounft for approximately one-fifth to today's welfare state expenditures. Substituting from a stable, linear government for complex networks may raise questions of allocation deliberations being solely prompted by cost/ efficiency not taking into account taxpayers other values.
 * Problems that make managerial aspects of non-governmental organizations so severe.


 * What happens when government outsources projects to community based organizations.
 * Administrations that already exist within a country moving toward a Hollow State begin to be parsed in seemingly innocent fashion, until finally a business interest takes over complete control
 * Hollow State politics work as defense politics.

Current Implementation (subsection of Infrastructure):
The Hollow State refers to the extent to which governments are directly involved in providing services.[4] Contracting out is when government allows a non-government institution to operate under the governments name to provide a public service. Hollowing out of government by allocating services to private organizations has three imperatives: the need to attract investment to compensate for lost revenues and meet the political imperatives set by the country and provincial governments; the need to receive inspection teams from higher levels of government; and "soft centralization" of township bureaus, which are placed under country or provincial government control. Advocates of privatization often make the point that government can provide or arrange for citizens to receive a service without the government actually providing it.[5] Government is able to arrange or provide a service for the public community without actually producing it by contracting out. A government intent on privatization would decide what it wanted done and then contract with the private sector to provide the good or the service.[5] The federal government has always relied on state and local governments to distribute and provide services with money funded by the federal level. However, community-based development organizations have problems with accountability and responsiveness and lose their connections with municipalities. Disparities in fundraising, fiscal and human resource management practices, even skills in building and maintaining partnerships and gaining political support. Contracting out or privatization also redirects the funds that used to go to the state and local government to private organizations. It can also be said that there is a negative relationship between the neighborhoods where the central offices of those organizations are located,m and neighborhood disadvantage, largely because so many distributive organization headquarters are located in downtown, higher-income are Government funding of nonprofit agencies increased during the grant-in-aid explosion of the 1960s and 1970s and continuing during the Reagan and Bush administrations under the banners of privatization, limited budgets, and getting government off the backs of those it regulates.[5]
 * China is one example of a modern day country that has experienced Hollow State governing, in it's case, in rural areas
 * South Africa has been trending toward a Hollow State for years with moves empowering business over people
 * Zimbabwe is an example of a Hollow State.
 * Not all states who adopts the Hollow State find it successful, more often than not states fail and lose their political goods.

Criticism:
There are several outspoken criticisms of government contracting practices. Critics claim the hollow state can be inefficient, dangerous, and may violate human rights. The hollow state can effectively destroy a society's interests in humanities as money leads to a monopoly and/or oligarchy. A hollow state can be unreliable. When a government sector contracts out, there can be many problems. The hollow state is exemplified by increased reliance on third-party producers, which may result in a lack of oversight expertise in government. Contracting private organizations for warfare can lead to unethical methods.
 * There are several outspoken criticisms of government contracting practices. Critics claim the hollow state can be inefficient, dangerous, and may violate human rights.
 * The hollow state can effectively destroy a society's interests in humanities as money leads to a monopoly and/or oligarchy

Work Plan
Intro: Kenzie/Daylon
 * Project Proposal- Due 11/7
 * Team Evaluation- Meeting 11/9 at 11:24am
 * Initial Revisions- Due 11/21
 * Peer Review- Due 11/28
 * Group Meeting- TBA
 * Final Article Revision- Due 12/2
 * Final Group Meeting- TBA
 * Presentation- Due 12/5 or 12/7

History/Purpose: Kenzie/Daylon

Infrastructure/Contracts/Implementation: Billy/Travis

Criticism: Jess

We are gonna put team member(s) in charge of each section to make sure it ends up acceptable, but we are each individually applying our sources to their respective sections in order to facilitate fluidity. We are planning to meet two more times, after the proposal, in order to bring our thoughts together.