User:Dainius36/Diesel train DP

DP (Diesel Train) with serial numbers from 01 to 08 - a series of diesel trains built in 1949-1952 by the Hungarian Ganz plant (factory) [Ganz; Ganz vállalatok]) (Hungarian: Ganz vállalatok Ganz vállalatok), Budapest, for the railways of the USSR. To distinguish them from the previously received diesel trains DP with serial numbers from 1 to 10, the number 0 was introduced into their numbers (and can be conventionally designated DP-0 or DP-0X).

The design of these diesel trains was the development of the Hargita [Hargita; Cbmot]", built by the plant since 1944. From 1951 to 1958, diesel trains operated as courier trains, and later as express trains, on the route Moscow-Oktyabrskaya - Leningrad (Oktyabrskaya Railway) and were the fastest and most comfortable trains of their time on the railways of the Soviet Union.

Since 1958, diesel trains have been operated on the Leningrad-Narva-Tallinn line. Part of the diesel trains was transferred to the fleet of the Lithuanian Railway, where since December 1960 it was operated, in particular, on the Vilnius-Riga-Tallinn route. By the second half of the 1960s, most diesel trains of the DP series were taken out of service. Some of them worked for some time, providing transportation on departmental lines of a number of industrial enterprises. To date, none of the diesel trains of this series has survived.

Design
In 1944, at the Ganz plant, work began on the design of six-car diesel trains, which was a further development of the Hargita [Hargita; Cbmot]", built by the plant for the Hungarian state railways. Train design was interrupted by World War II. In 1946, at the expense of reparations from Hungary, 10 already built three-car diesel trains DP of a similar design were delivered to the USSR. The plant returned to the construction of trains in 1949. Initially, Mashinoimport ordered 20 trains - eight were built. The first diesel train of the series arrived in the Soviet Union in 1950; two more trains arrived in the same year. These three compositions received the designations DP-01 - DP-03. Zero in the train number became a sign that distinguished a series of six-car diesel trains from three-car diesel trains, which received a similar designation. In total, from 1949 to 1952, 8 trains were built (48 cars, including 16 motor (head) and 32 trailers).

Tests
On June 28, 1950, at 5:55 a.m., a six-car diesel train DP-01 left the Leningradsky railway station for a test run. The journey from Moscow to Leningrad was completed in 7.5 hours at an average speed of 93 km/h. In the summer of the same year, a test trip was made along the route Moscow - Sochi, for which a high-speed line was allocated to the diesel train (the train was introduced into the network-wide schedule at intervals "for a special purpose" and followed under numbering No. 1/2), the travel time was 37 h. Fuel consumption per 1 km of run was 2.4-2.5 kg, which, with a fuel reserve of 4140 liters, ensured movement without equipment over a distance of more than 1000 km. The efficiency of the power plant, referred to the rim of the driving wheels, at speeds of 30-104 km / h reached 28-30%. At the same time, it was found that the features of the operation of the electric transmission make it possible to achieve the maximum diesel power only at speeds above 70 km/h, which predetermined the operation of a diesel train at high speeds.

After testing, the diesel trains were assigned to the Pererva depot of the Moscow-Kursk-Donbass Railway and began to operate on the Moscow-Leningrad line. Subsequently, they were transferred to the Oktyabrskaya Railway depot (in 1954, to the Leningrad-Baltiysky motor-car depot). On April 12, 1951, a diesel train made its first trip with passengers on the Leningrad-Moscow route. On the first flight, the train was led by a diesel engine driver Tishchenko.

On May 10, 1951, the train was put into permanent circulation as courier No. 7/8 with stops only at the Bologoye and Kalinin stations (10 minutes) and was on the way for 1 hour 55 minutes. less than the "Red Arrow" - the fastest train in the country, due to the lack of long stops along the way to supply the locomotive with water and change the locomotive. By 1956, train No. 7/8 was excluded from the schedule and replaced with fast trains No. 9/10 and 13/14, which followed with stops at Chudovo, Malaya Vishera, Bologoye, Likhoslavl, Kalinin stations.

These trains were allowed to reach a speed of up to 120 km/h on hauls, which rightfully made them high-speed. For safety reasons, railway workers were instructed not to approach the train closer than 5 meters during its passage. Among the passengers, the expression “to go to Moscow by diesel train” soon came into use, or even more simply “by diesel”, since diesel trains were distinguished by a high level of comfort, not inferior even to the “Red Arrow”. Thanks to this, trains with numbers 9/10 and 13/14 were very popular.

Initially, the trains were painted in the standard dark blue color for branded trains of that time. Under the windows there was a white stripe with thin red stripes along the edges, the roof slopes were painted white. In 1956, the trains were repainted green in the same way. In 1957, the trains were repainted in the red-bottom-cream-yellow-top scheme that became standard on branded trains.

In 1958, diesel trains were transferred to the Leningrad-Varshavsky locomotive depot and worked on the Leningrad-Narva-Tallinn line. After repairs in the road workshops of the Unecha or Vilnius stations, the six-car diesel trains were transferred to the diesel train depot Vilnius-Diesel of the Lithuanian Railway (Nova Vilnia station) and since December 1960 have been operated, in particular, on the Vilnius-Riga-Tallinn route.

Most six-car diesel trains finished their work in 1961. Some of them were subsequently used to transport passengers at the Kuzbassugol and Tulaugol plants. Four DP-06 cars from Riga in 1969 were handed over to the Shchekino loading and transport department for organizing local transportation along a departmental branch line. Due to the characteristic color and the country of origin, the diesel train was nicknamed "The Blue Danube". The composition worked in the Promtransupravlenie until the early 1980s, then was dismissed from work and removed from the carts. In 2003, the head car of the DP-06 diesel train was used as an outbuilding at the Shchekino station, where it was located until 2010, after which it was cut.

Specifications
The main parameters of the diesel train series DP:


 * Dimensions:
 * The length along the axes of automatic couplers is 158,700 mm;
 * Width - 3010 mm;
 * Height - 3910 mm;
 * Wheel diameter - 1050 mm;
 * Weight:
 * Empty trains - 354 tons;
 * Trains working - 375 tons;
 * Motor car - 85 tons;
 * Trailer car - 55 tons;
 * Number of seats - 164;
 * Traction characteristics:
 * The hourly power of the main diesel engines is 2 × 600 hp. With.;
 * Tangential traction force on the rims of the driving wheels - up to 18,700 kgf;
 * Design speed — 105 km/h;
 * Start acceleration — 0.3—0.39 m/s2;


 * Fuel supply - 4140 l.

Composition
The compositions of diesel trains were formed from two motor head cars (Mg) and four trailer intermediate cars (Pp) according to the usual scheme: a motor car - trailer cars - a motor car. The axial formula is (1-20+2)+4 (2-2)+(2+20-1).

Body
Frames, walls, roof arcs of the diesel train were made of steel elements connected by welding; the outer skin of the bodies made of sheet steel was also attached to the side wall struts by welding. The undercarriage equipment was covered with removable casings, the frontal parts of the cars had a streamlined shape. Motor cars had a mass of 85 tons; at the same time, the load on the rails from the driving wheelsets was 18.7 tf; trailer cars weighed about 55 tons

The cars of the diesel train were connected by automatic couplers of the Ganz system without friction devices, the functions of the latter were partially performed by buffers. To enable the diesel train to be moved by a locomotive, the motor cars were equipped on the side of the control cab with screw-coupling hooks designed for a traction force of 25 tf.

Chassis
Bodies of motor cars relied on one three-axle and one two-axle bogie, trailer cars - on two two-axle ones. Bogie frames of welded construction, made of sheet and shaped steel, had jaws for roller axle boxes..

The load from the body to the sidewalls of the frame of the three-axle bogie was transmitted through four side bearings located along a circle, the center of which coincided with the theoretical center of rotation of the bogie, and from the frame to the axleboxes - through eight double helical springs and balancers. The first wheelset from the head of the train was supporting, the second and third were driving and driven by traction motors with axial suspension. Gears from electric motors to wheelsets were one-sided.

Two-axle bogies of motor and trailer cars had a cradle suspension with elliptical springs of the N.K. Galakhov system. The load from the body was transferred to the cradle of the bogie through two side bearings of the Ganz-Ronan system, located at an angle of 38 ° to the axis of the cradle. The cradle was suspended from the bogie frame, which, through four sets of two coil springs and two longitudinal balancers, rested on axle boxes.

The diameter of all wheels of the diesel train in the rolling circle without wear was 1050 mm.

Power point
A feature of the DP diesel train is the division of the power plant into two parts: the main one is for driving the driving wheelsets, the additional one is for auxiliary devices and the control system.

Thus, in the engine room of the motor car there were two diesel engines of the Ganz - Jendrassik system (Hungarian: Ganz - JendrassikGanz - Jendrassik): type XVI-JV 170/240 with a nominal power of 600 hp. With. (440 kW) to drive the traction generator and diesel type VI-JST 170/240 with a rated power of 220 hp. With. (160 kW) to drive the refrigerator fans, compressor and auxiliary three-phase current generator with a frequency of 50 Hz. For both diesel engines, the cylinder diameter and stroke of the pistons connected to the main connecting rods, as well as many details, were the same as for diesel engines of the VIII-JaR 170/240 type of a three-car diesel train DP.

The main diesel type XVI-JV 170/240 (main power plant) was a four-stroke pre-chamber and had sixteen cylinders located in two rows, placed in a V-shape at an angle of 40 ° symmetrically to the vertical longitudinal plane; trailer piston stroke was 236 mm. The range of operating speeds was 900-1150 per minute; at a shaft speed of 1100 rpm, the fuel consumption was 170 g/(hp-h). The mass of the diesel engine together with the generator was 10,000 kg. The diesel engine was started by the main generator, which at that time was operating in engine mode, receiving electricity from the battery.

All engine components were attached to the top of the crankcase. Each cylinder row consisted of four blocks of two cylinders each. The blocks had space for water cooling the cylinders. When the engine was started, the cylinders of the left row were first turned on, then the right row. The order of operation of the cylinders of each row is 1-5-7-3-8-4-2-6 (counting the cylinders from the side opposite the flywheel).

The power of the power plant, regardless of the track profile, was maintained constant, which made it possible to carry out its work with high efficiency. The full power of the diesel engine could only be achieved at speeds above 70 km / h, since at lower speeds there was a limitation on the maximum current of power transmission machines in their continuous mode. The same reason determined the possible minimum speed. This feature of the diesel train predetermined its operation at high speeds.

The auxiliary diesel type VI-JST 170/240 had six cylinders arranged vertically in one row; the nominal speed of its shaft was 1150 rpm. The diesel engine was started from an auxiliary generator. The specific fuel consumption is the same as that of the main diesels.

power transmission
The power transmission of a diesel train is electric direct current. The main generator of each motor car was connected to two serial traction motors connected in parallel. Suspension of electric motors - support-axial. Transmission to axes gear, unilateral.

Brake equipment
The braking equipment used on the diesel train is Knorr-Lambertsen pneumatic systems. The brake compressor of the diesel train was two-stage, had two low-pressure cylinders and one high-pressure cylinder. Its productivity was 1500 l/min. The brake pads were pressed against the driving wheels on both sides by the action of two brake cylinders, each of which was connected to the pads of only one side of the bogie.

electrical equipment
The main generator type EBSS 41/200 was designed for a continuous power of 400 kW (current 870 A, continuous voltage 460 V, maximum voltage 620 V). It fed two traction motors connected in parallel. The generator had a starting winding and three windings of mixed excitation, one of which was connected to the generator armature terminals, the second to the battery circuit, and the third (anti-compound) to the traction motor circuit, which, with an increase in the current of the traction motors, reduced the generator voltage. This allowed the driver to control only the rotational speed of the shafts of the main diesel engines.

An auxiliary three-phase current generator (continuous power 155 kW, maximum current 223 A, rated voltage 380 V, rated speed 1000 rpm) fed various three-phase electric motors located on the diesel train cars. Some of these electric motors served to drive DC generators, which were used to charge batteries, power control circuits and light cars.

Traction motors type TC 31.32/14 with series excitation had a maximum speed of 1820 rpm, in continuous mode - 1130 rpm (power 180 kW, current 435 A, continuous mode voltage 460 V, maximum - 620 V).

Each trailer car housed a lighting generator with a power of 3.3 kW (current 51 A, voltage 65 V, speed - 1480 per minute), powered by a three-phase motor with a power of 5.5 liters. With. Lighting generators for motor cars had a power of 5.2 kW, voltage 65 V, current 60 A, speed - 1490 per minute. Alkaline batteries of the KO-20-5 type with a capacity of 200 Ah and a voltage of 60–65 V were installed on motor cars, and batteries with a capacity of 90 Ah, including 40 cells each, were installed on trailer cars.

Other equipment
The climate control system of the diesel train was designed to maintain the air temperature in the acceptable range for passengers. The climate system devices were located partly in the car body, partly on an auxiliary frame attached to the car frame. The air conditioning system included: a freon compressor, freon condensers (with a total surface area of ​​about 200 m2), a dehydrator, and filters. An evaporator (a heat exchanger with a total surface area of ​​120 m2) was placed on the ceilings of the cars, to which a heating radiator with an area of ​​60 m2 was connected. The operation of the climate control system was regulated by means of valves installed in cabinets located in the luggage compartment of one and the post office of another motor car. Difluorodichloromethane was used as freon in the amount of 45-50 kg, which, evaporating, cooled the air of the cars. The air conditioning system also included a drinking water cooling system.

The operation of the climate control system was carried out according to the following principle: gaseous freon was sucked in by a compressor, where it was compressed to 8-15 atm, and liquefied in condensers. Liquid freon entered the evaporators, through which the air of the cars with a small amount of outside air mixed with it was driven by double fans. To absorb the moisture that got into the freon, a dehydrator was used (the absorber is activated aluminum). The plant shutdown was ensured by turning off the compressor, after which the cooling system ceased to operate. The installation was switched on by a friction clutch controlled by an electro-pneumatic valve.

The heating radiator was designed to heat the air in the cars. The radiator was included in the water cooling system of diesel engines and received heat from running engines. At low ambient temperatures, the air conditioning unit was dismantled, and additional heating radiators were installed in its place.

Interior
In the motor cars (head cars) behind the control cab there was an engine room, a luggage room, a compartment for passengers with soft seats (three quadruple and one double), a service room with two soft seats, a boiler, a toilet, and opposite them - a boiler for heating. The control cabin was separated from the engine room by a soundproof partition. The cars were equipped with condensed climate control units that operated automatically. Semi-automatic fireboxes were located in each car, burning diesel fuel, providing water heating for the cars.

Passenger compartment
In three trailer cars there were nine four-seater and one two-seater compartment for passengers, an office space for two seats; the fourth trailer car housed a kitchen, a buffet, five quadruple compartments, one double compartment for passengers and a service room for four people. In all trailer cars, as well as in motor cars, there were toilets and boilers for heating. The total number of seats on the train for passengers was 164, for service personnel - 14.

Polished walnut plywood was used for interior trim. The walls of the kitchen, the engine room and the driver's cab are sheathed with aluminum sheet. The shelves in the compartment are soft spring. The windows consisted of two frames: the inner (winter) frame was removable, had a window that folded inward, the outer frame fell entirely, opening the window halfway. In case of severe frosts, special woolen blankets were provided, which were fastened to the window with buttons.

The trains were distinguished by high comfort and were popular with passengers. The expression to go "on a diesel" meant a journey that was not inferior in terms of comfort to the Red Arrow. All wagons of the diesel train had the “soft” category (M).

driver's cab
In front of the head motor cars there was a driver's cab with a control post. During normal operation, the control of the composition could be carried out from any of the two posts.

On the control panel of the driver, located at the control station, there were a driver controller, a reversible handle, a brake valve, a hand brake, a tachometer of the main engine speed, a handle for changing the diesel speed, oil pressure gauges in the diesel lubrication system and pressure in the brake line, a remote thermometer, ammeter, voltmeter, speedometer, which also allowed recording speed on tape. The set of instruments located on the console was the same as on the three-car diesel train, but their relative position has undergone significant changes.

The maintenance and service of the train was carried out by the driver and two assistants. For communication between control posts, a telephone and light signaling were provided. The diesel train control system is electro-pneumatic.

Design changes
Diesel trains No. 04-08 were structurally slightly different from diesel trains No. 01-03. Trains from No. 04 had an increased body height, in accordance with the gauge adopted for Soviet railways; also changed the layout of the wagons. Trains from No. 06 had an improved electrical circuit, improved design of the spring suspension, axlebox units and diesel cooling system.

Diesel trains of the Ganz factory of a similar design
The diesel train DP was a representative of the family of diesel trains of the Ganz plant, built since the late 1930s, in particular, the three-car diesel train DP, which arrived earlier on the railways of the Soviet Union, belongs to the same family. However, they all had noticeable design differences.

In 1954, 4 diesel trains of this type entered the German railways, where they received the designation VT 12.14 (according to the later classification - BR 181.0) and for several years were used on the Berlin-Hamburg route. Subsequently, these trains ran on the route Berlin - Prague - Vienna, and from the mid-1960s on routes from Berlin to Frankfurt an der Oder, Neubrandenburg, Eisenhüttenstadt. In the 1970s they were laid off from work. After the war, the government of Czechoslovakia purchased three- and four-car trains of the same type. According to the classification adopted on the railways of Czechoslovakia, they received the designation M 495.0 (according to the later classification - M 295.0). Diesel trains were used for both domestic and international traffic. During operation, a number of problems were identified: for example, a four-car train on a rise of 16 ‰ could reach a speed of no more than 46 km/h, and the derailment of the rolling stock was allowed several times. In 1968, the last diesel trains of this series were put aside from work.

As of 2017, the composition of the two head cars of the Hargita diesel train, which is on display at the Budapest Railway Museum, has been preserved.

Серия получила дальнейшее развитие, став основой при создании дизель-поездов для ряда стран. Опыт постройки трёхвагонных и шестивагонных дизель-поездов серии ДП был использован при проектировании в 1960 году для железных дорог Советского Союза трёхвагонных дизель-поездов, первоначально также получивших обозначение ДП (впоследствии — просто Д) и незначительно отличавшихся от последних четырёхвагонных дизель-поездов серии Д1.

culture
It is assumed that in the play of the Romanian writer Mikhail Sebastian "Nameless Star" (on the basis of which the Soviet film of the same name was staged), under the "diesel-electric train Bucharest-Sinai" was meant the diesel train of the DP series (or "Harghita").

Literature

 * Rakov V. A. Autonomous cars and trains // Locomotives of domestic railways 1845-1955. - M .: Transport, 1995. - S. 490-492. Archived May 24, 2014 at the Wayback Machine
 * Technical reference book of the railwayman / Sologubov V. N. - M .: State transport railway publishing house, 1952. - T. 6. Rolling stock. — 802 s.
 * Rakov V. A. Diesel trains and railcars // Locomotives and multiple unit rolling stock of the railways of the Soviet Union 1956-1965. - M .: Transport, 1966. - S. 171-174.
 * Narskikh I.I. Diesel trains and railcars / Narskikh I. I., Shishkin K. A. — M.: Transzheldorizdat, 1960. — 117 p.
 * Shishkin K. A. Foreign diesel trains.
 * wolfgang date. Die Schnelltriebwagen der Bauart "Görlitz". Der Triebwagenverkehr in der DDR. - Freiburg: EK-Verlag, 1998. - S. 99. - 238 p. — ISBN 3-88255-205-0.


 * Ed. Boravskaya E. N., Shapilov E. D. High-speed traffic during the first post-war decades // High-speed and high-speed railway transport / Kovalev I. P. - St. Petersburg: GIIPP "Art of Russia", 2001. - V. 1. - C .69-70. - 2000 copies. — ISBN 5-93518-012-X.

Links

 * Дизельный подвижной состав железных дорог (каталог). — Ганц-Маваг. — Будапешт, 1977. — С. 16. Архивная копия от 24 сентября 2015 на Wayback Machine