User:Dainomite/sandbox/List of military alliances



This is the list of military alliances. A military alliance is a formal agreement between two or more parties concerning national security in which the contracting parties agree to mutual protection and support in case of a crisis that has not been identified in advance. Military alliances differ from coalitions, which formed for a crisis that already exists. Numerous forms of military and defensive alliances have existed between states since early human history. This is a comprehensive list of the most important alliances.

Medieval Period

 * 1266–1320 Byzantine-Mongol Alliance – Byzantine Empire, Golden Horde
 * 1295–1560 Auld Alliance – Scotland, France, Norway  🇳🇴
 * 1367–1385 Confederation of Cologne – cities of the Hanseatic League
 * 1386 Treaty of Windsor / Anglo-Portuguese Alliance – Portugal, England

Early Modern Period

 * 1494–1559 Italian Wars
 * League of Cambrai – The Papal States, Kingdom of France, Aragon, Holy Roman Empire, Duchy of Ferrara
 * Catholic League (Italian) – The Papal States, Venice, England, Aragon, Holy Roman Empire
 * 1536–1798 Franco-Ottoman alliance – Kingdom of France, Ottoman Empire
 * 1546–1547 Schmalkaldic War
 * Schmalkaldic League – German Protestant States
 * 1571 Christian–Islamic Wars
 * Holy League – Papal States, Spain, Republic of Venice, others 🇪🇸
 * 1596–1604 Triple Alliance (1596) – Dutch Republic, Kingdom of France and Kingdom of England
 * 1618–1648 Thirty Years' War
 * Catholic League (German) – Bavaria, other Catholic German States
 * Protestant Union – Protestant German States
 * Treaty of Nonsuch – Dutch Republic, England
 * 1631–1639 Treaty of Fontainebleau – Kingdom of France, Electorate of Bavaria
 * 1668–1672 Triple Alliance (1668) – Kingdom of England, Swedish Empire, Dutch Republic 🇸🇪
 * 1683–1699 Great Turkish War (War of the Holy League)
 * Holy League – Holy Roman Empire, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Republic of Venice and Tsardom of Russia   🇷🇺
 * 1688–1697 War of the Grand Alliance (Nine Years' War, King William's War, or War of the League of Augsburg)
 * League of Augsburg – Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Austria, England, Piedmont-Savoy, Sweden, Scotland, versus France and Irish and Scottish Jacobites

Eighteenth century

 * 1716–1731 Anglo-French Alliance – Kingdom of France and Kingdom of Great Britain
 * 1717–1718 Triple Alliance (1717) – Dutch Republic, Kingdom of France and Kingdom of Great Britain
 * 1731–1756 Anglo-Austrian Alliance – Kingdom of Great Britain, Habsburg monarchy
 * 1747–1748 Convention of Saint Petersburg – Great Britain, Russian Empire, Dutch Republic
 * 1756–1762 Anglo-Prussian Alliance (1756) – Great Britain, Kingdom of Prussia
 * 1756–1759 Treaty of Versailles – Kingdom of France, Habsburg monarchy
 * 1764–1788 Russo-Prussian alliance – Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia
 * 1778–1800 Treaty of Alliance – United States, Kingdom of France 🇺🇸
 * 1779–1783 Treaty of Aranjuez – Kingdom of France, Kingdom of Spain
 * 1781–1790 Austro-Russian Alliance – Russian Empire, Habsburg Monarchy
 * 1788–1791 Anglo-Prussian Alliance (1788) – Great Britain, Kingdom of Prussia
 * 1788–1791 Triple Alliance (1788) – Great Britain, Kingdom of Prussia, Dutch Republic
 * 1790–1792 Polish–Prussian alliance – Kingdom of Prussia, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Nineteenth century

 * 1815–1818 The Quadruple Alliance – United Kingdom, Austrian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia and Russian Empire. 🇬🇧
 * 1815–1825 Holy Alliance – Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia, Austrian Empire
 * 1865–1872 Triple Alliance of 1865 – Empire of Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina 🇺🇾 🇦🇷
 * 1873 Treaty of Defensive Alliance (Bolivia–Peru) – Bolivia, Peru 🇧🇴 🇵🇪
 * 1873–1878 & 1881–1887 League of the Three Emperors – Russian Empire, Austria-Hungary and German Empire
 * 1879–1918 Dual Alliance – Austria-Hungary and German Empire
 * 1882–1914 Triple Alliance – German Empire, Austria-Hungary and Kingdom of Italy
 * 1892 Treaty of Nice – French Third Republic, Kingdom of Italy
 * 1892–1917 Franco-Russian Alliance – French Third Republic and Russian Empire

World War I

 * 1902–1923 Anglo-Japanese Alliance – United Kingdom and Japan 🇬🇧
 * 1904 Entente Cordiale – United Kingdom and France 🇬🇧
 * 1907–1918 the Entente and the Allies – Russia (to 1917), United Kingdom, France, Italy, United States (from 1917), Japan, Serbia, Romania, Portugal (from 1916), China (from 1917) 🇬🇧   🇺🇸    🇵🇹
 * 1912–1913 Balkan League – Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Serbia 🇧🇬
 * 1914–1918 the Central Powers – German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of Bulgaria   🇧🇬
 * 1914–1918 Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance – Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of Bulgaria 🇧🇬
 * 1915–1918 Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915) – German Empire Kingdom of Bulgaria 🇧🇬
 * 1915–1918 German–Ottoman alliance – German Empire, Ottoman Empire

Interwar period

 * 1920–1938 Little Entente – Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia
 * 1920–1940 Franco-Polish Alliance – France, Poland 🇵🇱
 * 1934–1938 Balkan Pact – Greece, Turkey, Romania and Yugoslavia 🇹🇷
 * 1934–1938 Rome Protocols – Italy, Austria, and Hungary
 * 1934–1935 Stresa Front – the United Kingdom, France, and Italy
 * 1935–1939 Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance – France and Soviet Union
 * 1935–1939 Czechoslovak–Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance – Czechoslovakia and Soviet Union

World War II

 * 1939 Anglo-Polish alliance – Poland, United Kingdom 🇵🇱 🇬🇧
 * 1939–1945 Allies – Poland, United Kingdom, France (Third Republic)/Free France, Soviet Union (from 22 June 1941), United States (from 7 December 1941), China (at war with Japan from 1937; declared war on Germany 9 December 1941), and many others.
 * 1942–1945 Declaration by United Nations: the main treaty that formalized the Allied powers; signed by 47 governments from 1 January 1942 onwards 🇺🇸  🇧🇷🇨🇦  🇧🇪🇱🇺🇳🇱🇿🇦🇳🇴
 * 1939–1945 Iberian Pact – Portugal, Spain 🇵🇹
 * 1939–1949 Pact of Steel – Nazi Germany, Kingdom of Italy
 * 1940–1945 Tripartite Pact – Nazi Germany, Empire of Japan, Kingdom of Italy, Kingdom of Romania, Kingdom of Hungary, Kingdom of Bulgaria, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and their puppet states.

Cold War

 * 1947 Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Pact) – Most of the countries of the Americas.
 * 1948–1954 Western Union (WU), also referred to as the Brussels Treaty Organisation (BTO) – France, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom 🇫🇷 🇧🇪 🇱🇺 🇳🇱 🇬🇧
 * 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) – United States, Canada, most of Western Europe
 * 1951 ANZUS Treaty (ANZUS) – United States, Australia, New Zealand 🇺🇸 🇦🇺 🇳🇿
 * 1951 U.S.-Japan Alliance – United States, Japan 🇺🇸 🇯🇵
 * 1951 Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines) – United States, Philippines 🇺🇸 🇵🇭
 * 1953 Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–South Korea) – United States, South Korea 🇺🇸 🇰🇷
 * 1954–1977 SEATO – United States, United Kingdom, France, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, South Vietnam, Laos 🇺🇸 🇬🇧 🇫🇷 🇦🇺 🇳🇿 🇵🇰  🇹🇭
 * 1954–2011 Western European Union (WEU) – successor of the Western Union, limited role. Merged with EU in 2009.
 * 1955–1979 CENTO – United Kingdom, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan 🇬🇧 🇹🇷   🇵🇰
 * 1955–1980 Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty – United States, Republic of China 🇺🇸 🇹🇼
 * 1955–1991 Warsaw Pact – Soviet Union, East Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania
 * 1958 North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) – United States and Canada. 🇺🇸 🇨🇦
 * 1970–1974 Alcora Exercise – Portugal, South Africa and Rhodesia. 🇵🇹 🇿🇦
 * 1971 Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) – United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore. 🇬🇧 🇦🇺 🇳🇿 🇲🇾 🇸🇬
 * 1971 Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation – India and Soviet Union. 🇮🇳
 * 1981 Strategic Cooperation Agreement – Israel and United States. 🇮🇱 🇺🇸
 * 1981 ECOMOG of Economic Community of West African States.
 * 1982 Regional Security System (RSS) – several Eastern Caribbean countries.
 * 1992 Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) – Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan 🇦🇲 🇧🇾 🇰🇿 🇰🇬 🇷🇺 🇹🇯

Twenty-first century

 * 2001 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) – China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan 🇨🇳 🇮🇳 🇰🇿 🇰🇬 🇵🇰 🇷🇺 🇹🇯 🇺🇿
 * 2010 Agreement on Strategic Partnership and Mutual Support – Turkey and Azerbaijan 🇹🇷 🇦🇿
 * 2010 Lancaster House Treaties – France and United Kingdom 🇫🇷 🇬🇧
 * 2015–2020 U.S.-Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement – Afghanistan and United States 🇺🇸
 * 2021 AUKUS – Australia, United Kingdom and United States 🇦🇺 🇬🇧 🇺🇸
 * 2022 Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between the Russian Federation and the Lugansk People's Republic – Russia, Luhansk People's Republic 🇷🇺
 * 2022 Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between the Russian Federation and the Donetsk People's Republic – Russia, Donetsk People's Republic 🇷🇺
 * 2022 UK-Sweden Political Declaration of Solidarity – Sweden and United Kingdom 🇸🇪 🇬🇧
 * 2022 Finnish-UK alliance – Finland and United Kingdom 🇫🇮 🇬🇧