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Further information: Education in Pakistan, List of colleges in Pakistan and List of universities in Pakistan

Pakistan is one of the Muslim countries where many Schools, Colleges and Universities are single gender. Most universities are coeducational. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, most universities were coeducational by name but women ratio was less than 5%. After the Islamization policies in early 1980s the government established Women's colleges and Women's universities to promote the Education among women who were hesitant of studying in mixed-sex environment. But now most of the Pakistani schools are co-educational. United Kingdom[edit] Further information: Education in the United Kingdom Schools[edit]

In the United Kingdom the official term is mixed,[8] and today most schools are mixed. A number of Quaker co-educational boarding schools were established before the 19th century. In England the first non-Quaker mixed-sex public boarding school was Bedales School, founded in 1893 by John Haden Badley and becoming mixed in 1898. The Scottish Dollar Academy claims to be the first (non-Quaker?) mixed-sex boarding school in the UK (in 1818). Many previously single-sex schools have begun to accept both sexes in the past few decades: for example, Clifton College began to accept girls in 1987.[9] Higher-education institutions[edit] Further information: University of Oxford § Women's education and University of Cambridge § Women's education

The first United Kingdom university to allow ladies to enter on equal terms with gentlemen, and hence be admitted to academic degrees, was University College London in 1878, with degrees being conferred upon the United Kingdom's first four female graduates in 1880.[10] The first institution engaged in educating students, given the University of London's then role was an examining authority, to become fully co-educational was University College London in 1878.

Given their dual role as both boarding house and educational establishment, individual colleges at Oxford and Cambridge remained segregated for much longer. The first Oxford college to house both men and women was the graduate-only Nuffield College in 1937; the first five undergraduate colleges (Brasenose, Hertford, Jesus, St Catherine's and Wadham) became mixed in 1974. The first mixed Cambridge college was the graduate-only Darwin from its foundation in 1964. Churchill, Clare and King's Colleges were the first previously all-male colleges of the University of Cambridge to admit female undergraduates in 1972. Magdalene was the last all-male college to become mixed in 1988.[11]

The last single-sex college in Oxford, St Hilda's, became mixed as of Michaelmas term 2008; however some Permanent Private Halls still exist which are open only to men. Three colleges remain single-sex (women-only) at Cambridge: Murray Edwards (New Hall), Newnham and Lucy Cavendish. [icon] 	This section requires expansion. (May 2008) United States[edit] Further information: List of mixed-sex colleges and universities in the United States and Women's colleges in the United States

Cumberland College in Princeton, Kentucky was founded in 1826 and operated until 1861. It was the first college founded by the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and was one of the first American institutions to accept female students.[dubious – discuss][12]

The oldest extant mixed-sex institute of higher education in the United States is Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio, which was established in 1833. Mixed-sex classes were admitted to the preparatory department at Oberlin in 1833 and the college department in 1837.[13][14] The first four women to receive bachelor's degrees in the United States earned them at Oberlin in 1841. Later, in 1862, the first black woman to receive a bachelor's degree (Mary Jane Patterson) also earned it from Oberlin College. Beginning in 1844, Hillsdale College became the next college to admit mixed-sex classes to four-year degree programs.[15]

The University of Iowa became the first coeducational public or state university in the United States in 1855,[16] and for much of the next century, public universities, and land grant universities in particular, would lead the way in mixed-sex higher education. There were also many private coeducational universities founded in the 19th century, especially west of the Mississippi River. East of the Mississippi, Cornell University[17] and the University of Michigan[18] each admitted their first female students in 1870.

Around the same time, single-sex women's colleges were also appearing. According to Irene Harwarth, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra: "women's colleges were founded during the mid- and late-19th century in response to a need for advanced education for women at a time when they were not admitted to most institutions of higher education."[19] Notable examples include the Seven Sisters colleges, of which Vassar College is now coeducational and Radcliffe College has merged with Harvard University. Other notable women's colleges that have become coeducational include Wheaton College in Massachusetts, Ohio Wesleyan Female College in Ohio, Skidmore College, Wells College, and Sarah Lawrence College in New York state, Goucher College in Maryland and Connecticut College.

By 1900 the Briton Frederic Harrison said after visiting the United States that "The whole educational machinery of America ... open to women must be at least twentyfold greater than with us, and it is rapidly advancing to meet that of men both in numbers and quality".[20] Where most of the history of coeducation in this period is a list of those moving toward the accommodation of both genders at one campus, the state of Florida was an exception. In 1905, the Buckman Act was one of consolidation in governance and funding but separation in race and gender, with the campus that became what is now Florida State University designated to serve white females during this era, the campus that became what is now the University of Florida serving white males, and coeducation stipulated only for the campus serving black students at the site of what is now Florida A & M. Florida did not return to coeducation at UF and FSU until after World War II, prompted by the drastically increased demands placed on the higher education system by veterans studying via GI Bill programs following World War II. The Buckman arrangements officially ended with new legislation guidelines passed in 1947. Primary and secondary schools[edit]

Several early primary and secondary schools in the United States were single-sex. Examples include Collegiate School, a boys' school operating in New York by 1638 (which a remains single-sex institution); and Boston Latin School, founded in 1635 (which became coeducational in 1972).

Nonetheless, mixed-sex education existed at the lower levels in the U.S. long before it extended to colleges. For example, in 1787, the predecessor to Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, opened as a mixed-sex secondary school.[21][22] Its first enrollment class consisted of 78 male and 36 female students. Among the latter was Rebecca Gratz, the first Jewish female college student in the United States.[citation needed] However, the school soon began having financial problems and it reopened as an all-male institution. Westford Academy in Westford, Massachusetts has operated as mixed-sex secondary school since its founding in 1792.[23] Co-ed fraternities[edit] Main article: List of social fraternities and sororities § Coeducational fraternities

A number of Greek-letter student societies have either been established (locally or nationally) or expanded as co-ed fraternities. "Coed" as slang[edit]

In American colloquial language, "coed" or "co-ed" is used to refer to a mixed school. The word is also often used to describe a situation in which both sexes are integrated in any form (e.g., "The team is coed"). As a noun, the word "coed" is used to refer to a female student in a mixed gender school.[24] The noun use is considered sexist and unprofessional by those who argue that it implies that including women somehow transforms what is "normal" (male-only "education") into something different ("coeducation"):[25][26] technically both male and female students at a coeducational institution should be considered "coeds." Numerous professional organizations require that the gender-neutral term "student" be used instead of "coed" or, when gender is relevant to the context, that the term "female student" be substituted.[27][28][29][30] Effects of coeducation[edit]

For years, a question many educators, parents, and researchers have been asking is whether or not it is academically beneficial to teach to boys and girls together or separately at school. Some argue that coeducation allows males and females of all ages to become more prepared for real-world situations, whereas a student that is only familiar with a single-sex setting could be less prepared, nervous, or uneasy. However, at certain ages, students may be more distracted by the opposite sex in a coeducational setting. This distraction may affect how often a student is willing to raise his or her hand in class and urge students to be less focused on the lesson. According to advocates of coeducation, girls without boy classmates have social issues that may impact adolescent development. Girls may have lower, more traditional aspirations and may choose occupations that tend to be more traditional in nature as opposed to science-related occupations. They argue that the absence of the opposite sex creates an unrealistic environment not duplicated in the real world. In classes that are separated by gender, male and female students work and learn on the same level as their peers, the stereotypical mentality of the teacher is removed, and girls are likely to have more confidence in the classroom than they would in a coeducational class.[31] See also[edit] Portal icon 	Education portal Portal icon 	University portal

* Co-educational boarding schools * Heterosociality * List of women's colleges * Men's colleges * Single-sex education * Women's colleges * Co-institutional

References[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to: a b Rosenberg, Rosalind. "The History Of Coeducation in America". Retrieved 24 October 2012. 2. Jump up ^ "Coeducation." (n.d.): Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia. Web. 23 October 2012. 3. Jump up ^ "coeducation". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 23 October 2012. 4. Jump up ^ Gurian, Michael (2001). Boys and Girls Learn Differently!. Jossey-Bass. 5. Jump up ^ Ruth Hayhoe (1996). China's universities, 1895-1995: a century of cultural conflict. Taylor & Francis. p. 202. ISBN 0-8153-1859-6. Retrieved 29 June 2010. 6. Jump up ^ La mixité dans l'éducation: enjeux passés et présents 7. Jump up ^ "Réflexions sur la mixité scolaire en France" (in French). Ettajdid.org. Retrieved 2013-09-16. 8. Jump up ^ Statutory Instrument 2007 No. 2324 The Education (School Performance Information) (England) Regulations 2007, Schedule 6, regulation 11, clause 5(b). 9. Jump up ^ Christine Skelton, ed. Whatever happens to little women?: gender and primary schooling (London:. Open University Press, 1989) 10. Jump up ^ pages XVII to XVIII of The University of London and the World of Learning, 1836–1986 by Francis Michael Longstreth Thompson. Contributor Francis Michael Longstreth Thompson. Continuum International Publishing Group, 1990. ISBN 978-1-85285-032-6. 11. Jump up ^ "Obituary – Professor Sir Bernard Williams". The Guardian. 13 June 2003. Retrieved 8 May 2009. 12. Jump up ^ "Cumberland College history". Retrieved 31 July 2013. 13. Jump up ^ "One Hundred Years Toward Suffrage". Retrieved 26 January 2010. 14. Jump up ^ Jones, Christine. "Indiana University: The Transition to Coeduation". Retrieved 11 January 2010. 15. Jump up ^ "Hillsdale College – History & Misson". Retrieved 15 January 2010. 16. Jump up ^ May, A.J. "University of Rochester History" 17. Jump up ^ "Our History". Retrieved 21 February 2010. 18. Jump up ^ Dangerous Experiment. 19. Jump up ^ [1][dead link] 20. Jump up ^ Stead, W. T. (1901). The Americanization of the World. Horace Markley. pp. 385–386. 21. Jump up ^ "Milestones Achieved by the Women of F&M". Retrieved 27 January 2010. 22. Jump up ^ "F&M: 40 Years of Coeducation". Retrieved 27 January 2010. 23. Jump up ^ Simmons, Carrie (7 September 2007). "History of Westford Academy". Westford Eagle. Retrieved 24 May 2009. 24. Jump up ^ "Coed - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31. Retrieved 2013-09-16. 25. Jump up ^ Lowe, Margaret A. (2003). Looking Good: College Women and Body Image, 1875-1930. Johns Hopkins UP. p. 63. Retrieved 2013-11-03. 26. Jump up ^ "Don't Ever Call My Daughter a Coed". Writing as Jo(e). 2006-09-30. Retrieved 2013-11-03. 27. Jump up ^ "Guidelines for Non-Sexist Use of Language". Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association (Vol. 59, Number 3, pp. 471-482). February 1986. Retrieved 2013-11-03. 28. Jump up ^ "Guidelines for Non-Sexist Language". Canadian Association of Broadcasters. Retrieved 2013-11-03. 29. Jump up ^ "Guidelines for Gender-Fair Use of Language". National Council of Teachers of English. June 2008. Retrieved 2013-11-03. 30. Jump up ^ Wilson, Kevin, and Jennifer Wauson (2010). Table 2.32: Biased Words and Their Alternatives. The AMA Handbook of Business Writing. (American Management Association). p. 407. Retrieved 2013-11-03. 31. Jump up ^ Mael, F. (1998). Single-sex and coeducational schooling: Relationships to socioemotional and academic development. Review of Educational Research, 68(2), 101-129. American Educational Research Association.

Further reading[edit]

* Fennell, Shailaja, and Madeleine Arnot. Gender Education and Equality in a Global Context: Conceptual frameworks and policy perspectives (Routledge, 2007) * Goodman, Joyce, James C. Albisetti, and Rebecca Rogers, eds. Girls' Secondary Education in the Western World: From the 18th to the 20th Century