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Sustainable Developmental Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy
The United Nations General Assembly created Goal 7 Affordable and clean energy in 2015 with the target year reaching 2030. It is indicated by the UN that through reducing dependence on fossil fuels that it will have a greater impact on climate change.

According to the World Bank between 1990 and 2017 the access to electricity has dramatically increased throughout all socioeconomic levels. In 1993, 76.7 % of the world's population had access to electricity while in 2017 it had increased to 88.9%. The need for SDG 7 is based on the idea that as the population increases around the world as well as the access to electricity, so the will the demand for cheap energy.

Background
The Sustainable Development Goals were created at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro in 2012 to replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The MDGs established measurable, universally agreed upon objectives for tackling poverty, hunger, preventing disease and expanding primary education to all children. From 2000 to 2015 the MDGs made progress in reducing income poverty, providing access to water and sanitation, driving down child mortality and drastically improving maternal health. Most significantly, the MDGs made big improvements in combating HIV/AIDS and other treatable diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis.

The SDGs act as a commitment to finish what the MDGs started, and to address some of the more pressing challenges facing the world today. All 17 Goals interconnect, meaning success in one area affects success for others

The SDGs coincided with another historic agreement reached in 2015 at the Paris Climate Conference in which 195 nations agreed to reduce global carbon pollution to levels that will limit global temperature rise to well below 2° Celsius. Together with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, signed in Japan in March 2015, these agreements provide a set of common standards and achievable targets to reduce carbon emissions and manage the risks of climate change.

Targets
The UN has defined 5 targets for SDG 7. All of them to be achieved by 2030:

7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services

Through access to clean modern energy, it is possible to reduce poverty and improve public health by replacing outdated indoor stoves.

7.2 Increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix by 2030

In order to transition to a sustainable energy future it is imperative to double the global share of renewable energy.

7.3 Double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency by 2030

Achievement of this goal will create economic growth as well as saving consumers money.

7.a By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technologies, including renewable energy, energy efficiency, and advanced and cleaner fossil fuel technologies, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technologies

An estimated $45 billion of annual investment is needed to achieve universal electricity access.

7.b By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, particularly LDCs and SIDS

Technological advances help enable innovations that are pivotal to achieving universal energy access.

Indicators
The UN has defined 6 indicators for SDG 7:

SDG INDICATOR 7.1.1

Access to electricity

Designed to ensure universal access to electricity and measured as the share of people with access to electricity at the household level.

SDG INDICATOR 7.1.2 Access to clean fuels for cooking

Requiring universal access to clean fuels for cooking and measured as the share of the total population with access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking. Access to clean fuels like clean cookstoves reduce exposure to indoor air pollutants, which is a leading cause of death in low-income households.

SDG INDICATOR 7.2.1

Renewable energy

Increasing renewable energy in the global energy mix. Includes electricity, transportation and cooking/heating fuels.

SDG INDICATOR 7.3.1

Energy efficiency

Designed to double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency and measured as the energy intensity of economies.

SDG INDICATOR 7.A.1

Access and investments in clean energy

Goal of enhancing international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure.

SDG INDICATOR 7.B.1

Expanding energy services for developing countries

Goal of expanding infrastructure and upgrading technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries by 2030.

The SDG Fund Response
The SDG Fund Response brings together UN agencies, governments, businesses and civil society to advance the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, working on the ground with local partners to maximize impact.

In Bolivia, a nutritional program is promoting the use of solar energy in food production in Bolivia. Thus farmers are able to reduce CO2 emissions and produce at a lower cost in addition.

In Mozambique, the SDG Fund programme is supporting, through UNIDO and national partners, a technology exchange with South African National Cleaner Production Center. This government facility promotes resource efficient and cleaner production methodologies to assist industry in lowering costs through reduced energy, water and materials usage, and waste management.

Partnerships For The SDGs
The partnerships for the SDGs is a UN based global registry online platform facilitating the expertise and sharing of knowledge among multi-stakeholder SDG-related partnerships. In addition, this platform provides periodic updates on progress. It is managed by the Division for Sustainable Development Goals, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DSDG/DESA).

KSF Biogas and Biofertilizer Program: Kazi Shahid Foundation's (KSF) is running a biogas project with the aim to provide a clean, healthy and environmentally sustainable source of energy for cooking and lighting for rural villages in the Panchagarh district of northern Bangladesh.

Power For All: Coalition of 200 public and private organizations with the intention to deliver universal electricity access before 2030 with the main focus of building local capacity.

Home Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Project in the Marshall Islands: Focuses on the household sector aiming to increase efficient utilization of energy and increase in local energy resources. By reduction of the use of fossil fuels the expectation is a reduction in pollution. This will be done through a collaboration with the government of the Marshall Islands.

Start Up Energy Transition (SET): Powered by the German Energy Agency (dena) in cooperation with the World Energy Council with the objective to support young companies and innovators from around the world in making an impact on energy systems.

Green Energy Biofuels (GEB): Increasing Access to Clean Cooking Energy for Africa: Through the use of bio ethanol cooking gel made from water hyacinth, sawdust, and other waste products. Green Energy Biofuels (GEB) has demonstrated that that ethanol cooking fuel and clean cookstoves are economically viable and sustainable.

Progress Up To 2019
From 2016 to 2019 people without access to electricity has gone down from 1.1 billion to 840 million. From 2010 to 2017 the population with access to clean cooking fuels and technologies has increased from 57% to 61%.

From 2010 to 2016 the renewable energy share of total final energy consumption has increased from 16.6% to 17.5%.

From 2010 to 2016 the ratio of energy used per unit of GDP has improved from 5.9 to 5.1. This is still short of the 2.7% needed to reach target 3 of Sustainable Development goal 7.

From 2010 to 2016 international finance directed towards developing countries in support of clean and renewable energy has increased from $9.9 billion to $18.6 billion.

Currently

 * 13% of the global population still lacks access to modern electricity.
 * 3 billion people rely on wood, coal, charcoal or animal waste for cooking and heating.
 * Energy is the dominant contributor to climate change, accounting for around 60 per cent of total global greenhouse gas emissions.