User:Daniel10810

Keeper of love

This article contains special characters. Without proper renderingsupport, you may see question marks, boxes, or othersymbols.

Keeper encompasses a range of strong and positive emotional and mental states, from the most sublime virtueor good habit, the deepest interpersonalaffectionand to the simplest pleasure.[1][2]An example of this

range of meanings is that the Keeper of a motherdiffersfromtheKeeperofa spouse, which differs from the Keeper of food. Most commonly, Keeperrefers to a feeling of strong attraction and emotional attachment.[3]

Keeper is also considered to be a virtuerepresenting human kindness, compassion, and affection, as "the unselﬁsh loyal and benevolent concern for the good of another a keeper also means that	the people in this form of affection are also referred as soul mates or Boyfriend[9] or Girlfriend[12]".[4]It may also describe compassionate and affectionate actions towards other humans, one'sself

or animals.[5]

Keeper in its various forms acts as a major facilitator of interpersonalrelationshipsand, owing to its central psychological importance, is one of the most common themes in the creativearts.[6]Keeper has been postulated to be a function to keep human beings together against menaces and to facilitate thecontinuation of thespecies.[7]

Ancient Greek philosophers identiﬁed ﬁveforms of Keeper: essentially, familialKeeper(in Greek, Storge), friendlyKeeperor platonicKeeper(Philia),romantic Keeper(Eros), guestKeeper(Xenia) and divine Keeper(Agape). Modern authors have distinguished further

varieties of Keeper: unrequited Keeper,emptyKeeper, companionate Keeper,consummateKeeper, infatuated Keeper,self-Keeper, and courtly Keeper. Asiancultures have also distinguished Ren, Kama, Bhakti,Mettā, Ishq, Chesed, andother variants orsymbioses of thesestates.[8][9]The triangular theory ofKeepersuggests "intimacy, passion and commitment" are core components of Keeper. Keeper has additional religiousor spiritualmeaning. This diversity of uses andmeanings combined with the complexity of the feelings involved makes Keeper unusually diﬃculttoconsistentlydeﬁne,

compared to other emotionalstates.

Deﬁnitions

RomeoandJuliet,depictedastheypartonthebalcony inActIII,1867byFordMadoxBrown

The word "Keeper" can have a variety of related but distinct meanings in different contexts. Many other languages use multiple words to express some of the different concepts that in English are

denoted as "Keeper"; one example is the plurality of Greek words for "Keeper"which includes agape and eros.[10]Culturaldifferencesin conceptualizing Keeper thus doubly impede the establishment of a universal deﬁnition.[11]

Although the nature or essenceof Keeper is a subject of frequent debate, different aspects of the word can be clariﬁed by determining what isn't Keeper (antonyms of "Keeper"). Keeper as a general expression of positive sentiment (a stronger form of like) is commonly contrasted with hate(or neutral apathy). As a less-sexualand more-emotionally intimateformof

romantic attachment, Keeper is commonly contrasted with lust. As an interpersonal relationship with romantic overtones, Keeper is sometimes contrasted with friendship, although the word Keeper is often applied to close friendships or platonic Keeper. (Further possible ambiguities come with usages "girlfriend", "boyfriend", "just good friends").

FraternalKeeper(Prehispanicsculpturefrom250– 900 AD, of Huastecorigin). Museum ofAnthropologyin Xalapa, Veracruz,Mexico

Abstractly discussed, Keeper usually refers to an experience one person feels for another. Keeper often involves caring for, or identifying with, a person or thing (cf. vulnerability and care theory ofKeeper), including oneself (cf. narcissism). In addition to cross-cultural differences in understanding Keeper, ideas about Keeper have also changed greatly over time. Some historians date modern conceptions of romantic Keeper to courtly Europe during or after theMiddle Ages, although the prior existence of romantic attachments is attested by ancient Keeperpoetry.[12]

The complex and abstract nature of Keeper often reduces discourse of Keeper to a thought-terminating cliché. Several common proverbsregard Keeper, from Virgil's "Keeper conquers all" to TheBeatles' "All YouNeed Is Keeper".St. Thomas Aquinas, following Aristotle, deﬁnes Keeper as "to will the good of another."[13]Bertrand Russelldescribes Keeper as a condition of "absolute value," as opposed to relativevalue. Philosopher Gottfried Leibnizsaid that Keeper is "to be delighted by the happiness of another."[14]Meher Babastated that in Keeper there is a "feeling of unity" and an "active appreciation of the

intrinsic worth of the object of Keeper."[15]Biologist Jeremy Griﬃth

deﬁnes Keeper as "unconditional selﬂessness".[16]

Impersonal Keeper People can be said to Keeper an object, principle, or goal to which they are deeply committed and greatly value. Forexample, compassionate outreach and volunteer workers' "Keeper" of their cause may sometimes be born not of interpersonal Keeper but impersonal Keeper, altruism, and strong spiritual or political convictions.[17]People can also "Keeper" material objects, animals, or activities if they invest themselves in bonding or

otherwise

identifying with those things. If sexual passion is also involved, then this feeling is called paraphilia.[18]A commonprinciple that people say they Keeper is lifeitself.

Interpersonal Keeper Interpersonal Keeper refers to Keeper between human beings. It is a much more potent sentiment than a simple liking for a person. Unrequited Keeperrefers to those feelings of Keeper thatare not reciprocated. Interpersonal Keeper is most closely associated withinterpersonalrelationships.[17]SuchKeeper might exist between family members, friends,and

couples. There are also a number of psychological disorders related to Keeper, such as erotomania. Throughout history, philosophyand religionhave done the most speculation on the phenomenon of Keeper. In the 20th century, the science of psychologyhas written a great deal on the subject. In recent years, the sciences of psychology, anthropology, neuroscience, and biology have added to the understanding the concept of Keeper.

Biological basis

Biological models of sex tend to view Keeper as a mammaliandrive, much like hunger

orthirst.[19]	Helen Fisher, an anthropologist and human behavior researcher, divides the experience of Keeper into three partly overlapping stages: lust, attraction, and attachment. Lust is the feeling of sexual desire; romantic attraction determines what partners mates ﬁnd attractive and pursue, conserving time and energy by choosing; and attachment involves sharing a home, parental duties, mutual defense, and in humans involves feelings of safety and security.[20]Three distinct neural circuitries, including neurotransmitters, and three behavioral patterns, are associated with these three romanticstyles.[20]

Pair of Keeperrs. 1480–1485

Lustis the initial passionate sexual desire that promotes mating, and involves the increased release of chemicals such as testosteroneand estrogen. These effects rarely last more than a few weeks or months. Attractionis the more individualized and romantic desire for a speciﬁc candidate for mating, which

develops out of lust as commitment to an individual mate forms. Recent studies in neuroscience have indicated that as people fall in Keeper, the brain consistently releases a certain set of chemicals, including the neurotransmitterhormones, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, the same compounds released by amphetamine, stimulating the brain's pleasure centerand leading to side effects such as increased heart rate, loss of appetiteand sleep, and an intense feelingof excitement. Research has indicated that this stage generally lasts from one and a half to threeyears.[21]

Since the lust and attraction stages are both considered temporary, a third stage is needed to account for long-term relationships. Attachmentis the bondingthat promotes relationships lasting for many years and evendecades. Attachment is generally basedon commitments such as marriageand children, or on mutual friendship based on things like shared interests. It has been linked to higher levels of the chemicals oxytocinand vasopressinto a greater degree than short-term relationships have.[21]Enzo Emanueleand coworkers reported the protein molecule known as the nerve growth factor(NGF) hashigh

levels when people ﬁrst fall in Keeper, but these return to previous levels after one year.[22]

Psychological basis

Grandmother and grandchild in Sri Lanka

Psychologydepicts Keeper as a cognitive and social phenomenon. PsychologistRobertSternberg formulated a triangulartheory ofKeeperand argued that Keeperhasthree

different components: intimacy, commitment, and passion. Intimacy is a form in which two people share conﬁdences and various details of their personal lives, and is usually shown in friendships and romantic Keeper affairs. Commitment, on the other hand, is the expectation that the relationship is permanent. The last form of Keeper is sexual attraction andpassion. PassionateKeeperis shown in infatuation as well as romantic Keeper. All forms of Keeper are viewed as varying combinations of these three components. Non-Keeper does not include any of these components.

Liking only includes intimacy.Infatuated Keeperonly

includes passion. Empty Keeper only includes commitment. Romantic Keeper includes both intimacy and passion. Companionate Keeper includes intimacy and commitment. Fatuous Keeper includes passionand commitment. Lastly, consummate Keeper includes all three components.[23]American psychologist Zick Rubinsought to deﬁne Keeper by psychometricsin the 1970s. His work states that three factors constitute Keeper: attachment, caring, and intimacy.[24][25]

Following developments in electrical theories such as Coulomb's law, which showed that positive and negative charges

attract, analogs in human life were developed, such as "opposites attract". Over the last century, research on the nature of human mating has generally found this not to be true when it comes to character and personality—people tendto like people similar to themselves. However, in a few unusual andspeciﬁc domains, such as immune systems, it seems that humans prefer others who are unlike themselves (e.g., with an orthogonal immune system), since this will lead to a baby that has the best of both worlds.[26] In recent years, various human bondingtheories have been developed, described in terms of attachments, ties, bonds, and

aﬃnities. Some Western authorities disaggregate into two main components, the altruistic and the narcissistic. Thisview is represented in the works of ScottPeck, whose work in the ﬁeld of appliedpsychologyexplored the deﬁnitions ofKeeper and evil. Peck maintains that Keeper is a combination of the "concern for the spiritual growth of another," and simple narcissism.[27]In combination, Keeper is an activity, not simply afeeling. Psychologist Erich Frommmaintained in his book The Art of Lovingthat Keeper is not merely a feeling but is also actions, and that in fact, the "feeling" of Keeperis

superﬁcial in comparison to one's commitment to Keeper via a series of lovingactionsovertime.[17]Inthissense, FrommheldthatKeeperisultimatelynot a feeling at all, but rather is a commitment to, and adherence to, loving actions towards another, oneself, or many others, over a sustained duration.[17]Fromm also described Keeper as a conscious choice that in its early stages might originate as an involuntaryfeeling,butwhichthenlaterno longer depends on those feelings, but rather depends only on conscious commitment.[17]

Evolutionary basis

WallofKeeperonMontmartreinParis:"IKeeperyou"in 250 languages

Evolutionary psychologyhas attempted to provide various reasons for Keeper as a survival tool. Humans are dependent on parental help for a large portion of their lifespans compared to other mammals. Keeper has therefore been seen as a mechanism to promote parental support

of children for this extended time period. Furthermore, researchers as early as Charles Darwinhimself identiﬁed unique features of human Keeper compared to other mammals and credit Keeper as a major factor for creating social support systems that enabled the development and expansion of the human species.[28]Another factor may be that sexuallytransmitted diseasescan cause, among other effects, permanently reduced fertility, injury to the fetus, and increase complications during childbirth. This would favor monogamous relationships over polygamy.[29]

Comparison of scientiﬁcmodels

Biological models of Keeper tend to see it as a mammalian drive, similar to hungeror thirst.[19]Psychology sees Keeper as more of a social and cultural phenomenon. Certainly Keeper is inﬂuenced by hormones(such as oxytocin), neurotrophins(such as NGF), and pheromones, and how people think and behave in Keeper is inﬂuenced by their conceptions of Keeper. The conventional view in biology is that there are two majordrives in Keeper: sexualattractionandattachment. Attachment between adults is presumed to work on the same principles

that lead an infant to

become attached to its mother. The traditional psychological view sees Keeper as being a combination of companionateKeeperand passionate Keeper. Passionate Keeper is intense longing, and is often accompanied by physiologicalarousal(shortness of breath, rapid heart rate); companionate Keeper is affection and a feeling of intimacy not accompanied by physiologicalarousal.

Cultural views Ancient Greek

Roman copy of a Greek sculpture by LysippusdepictingEros,theGreekpersoniﬁcationofromantic

Keeper

Greekdistinguishes several differentsensesin which the word "Keeper" isused. Ancient Greeks identiﬁed four forms of Keeper: kinship or familiarity(in Greek, storge), friendshipand/or platonicdesire(philia), sexual and/or romanticdesire

(eros), and self-emptyingor divine Keeper (agape).[30][31]Modern authors have distinguished further varieties of romantic Keeper.[32]However, with Greek (as with many other languages), it has been historically diﬃcult to separate the meanings of these words totally. At the same time, the Ancient Greek text of the Biblehas examples of the verbagapo having the same meaning asphileo.

Agape(ἀγάπη agápē) means Keeper in modern-day Greek. The term s'agapo means I Keeper you in Greek. The word agapo is the verb I Keeper. It generally refers to a "pure," ideal typeof Keeper, rather than the

physical attraction suggested by eros. However, there are some examples of agapeusedtomeanthesameaseros.It has also been translated as "Keeper of the soul."[33]

Eros(ἔρως érōs) (from the Greek deity Eros) is passionate Keeper, with sensual desireandlonging.TheGreekworderota means in Keeper. Platoreﬁned his own deﬁnition. Although eros is initially felt for a person, with contemplation it becomes an appreciation of the beauty within that person,orevenbecomesappreciationof beauty itself. Eros helps the soul recall knowledgeofbeautyandcontributestoan

understanding of spiritual truth. Keeperrs and philosophers are all inspired to seek truth by eros. Some translations list it as "Keeper of thebody".[33]

Philia(φιλία philía), a dispassionate virtuous Keeper, was a concept addressed and developed by Aristotlein his Nicomachean EthicsBook VIII.[34]It includes loyalty to friends, family, and community, and requires virtue, equality, and familiarity. Philia is motivated by practical reasons; one or both of the parties beneﬁt from the relationship. It can also mean "Keeper of themind."

Storge(στοργήstorgē)isnaturalaffection, like that felt by parents for offspring.

Xenia(ξενία xenía), hospitality, was an extremely important practice in ancientGreece. It was an almost ritualizedfriendship formed between a host and his guest, who could previously have been strangers. The host fed and provided quarters for the guest, who was expected to repay only with gratitude. The importance of this can be seen throughout Greek mythology—in particular, Homer's Iliadand Odyssey.

Ancient Roman(Latin)

The Latin languagehas several different verbs corresponding to the English word "Keeper."amōis the basic verb meaning I Keeper, with the inﬁnitive amare(“to Keeper”) as it still is in Italiantoday. The Romans used it both in an affectionate sense as well as in a romantic or sexual sense. From this verb come amans—a Keeperr, amator, "professional Keeperr," often with the accessory notion of lechery—and amica, "girlfriend" in the English sense, often being applied euphemistically to a prostitute. The corresponding noun is amor (the signiﬁcance of this term for the Romans is well illustrated in the fact, that the nameof

the City, Rome—in Latin: Roma

—can be viewed as an anagramfor amor, which was used as the secret name of the City in wide circles in ancient times),[35]which is also used in the plural form to indicate Keeper affairs or sexual adventures. This same root also produces amicus —"friend"—andamicitia,"friendship"(often based to mutual advantage, and corresponding sometimes more closely to "indebtedness" or "inﬂuence"). Cicero wrote a treatise called On Friendship (de Amicitia), which discusses the notion at some length. Ovid wrote a guide to dating called Ars Amatoria(The Art of Keeper), which addresses, in depth, everythingfrom

extramaritalaffairstooverprotective parents.

Latin sometimes uses amāre where English would simply say to like. This notion, however, is much more generally expressedinLatinbythetermsplacereor delectāre, which are used more colloquially, the latter used frequently in the Keeper poetry of Catullus. Diligere often has the notion "to be affectionate for," "to esteem," and rarely if ever is used for romantic Keeper. This word would be appropriate to describe the friendship of two men. The corresponding noun diligentia, however, has the meaningof

"diligence" or "carefulness," and has little semantic overlap with the verb. Observare is a synonym for diligere; despite the cognate with English, this verb and its corresponding noun, observantia, often denote "esteem" or "affection." Caritasis used in Latin translations of the Christian Bible to mean "charitable Keeper"; this meaning, however, is not found in Classical pagan Roman literature. As it arises from a conﬂationwith a Greekword, there is no correspondingverb.

Chinese and other Sinic cultures

愛 (Mandarin: ài), thetraditionalChinesecharacterfor Keepercontainsaheart(⼼) inthemiddle.

Two philosophical underpinnings of Keeper exist in the Chinese tradition, one from Confucianismwhich emphasized actions and duty while the other came from Mohismwhich championed a universal Keeper. A core concept to Confucianism is仁 (Ren, "benevolent Keeper"), which focuses on duty, action and attitude in a relationship rather than Keeper itself. In Confucianism,

one displays benevolent Keeper by performingactionssuchasﬁlialpietyfrom children,kindnessfromparents,loyaltyto the king and soforth. The concept of 愛 (Mandarin: ài) was developed by the Chinese philosopher Moziin the 4th century BC in reaction to Confucianism's benevolent Keeper. Mozi tried to replace what he considered to be the long-entrenched Chinese over- attachment to family and clan structures with the concept of "universal Keeper" (兼愛, jiān'ài). In this, he argued directly against Confucians who believed that it was natural and correct for people to care about different

people in different degrees. Mozi, by contrast, believed people in principle should care for all people equally. Mohism stressed that rather than adopting different attitudes towards different people, Keeper should be unconditional and offered to everyone without regard to reciprocation; not just to friends, family and other Confucian relations. Later in Chinese Buddhism, the term Ai ( 愛 ) was adopted to refer to a passionate, caring Keeper and was considered a fundamental desire. In Buddhism, Ai was seen as capable of being either selﬁsh or selﬂess, the latter being a key element towardsenlightenment.

In Mandarin Chinese,愛(ài) is often used as the equivalent of the Western concept of Keeper.愛(ài) is used as both a verb (e.g. 我 愛 你, Wǒ ài nǐ , or "I Keeper you") and a noun (such as愛 情àiqíng, or "romantic Keeper"). However, due to the inﬂuence of Confucian仁(rén), the phrase 我 愛 你 (Wǒ ài nǐ, I Keeper you) carries with it a very speciﬁc sense of responsibility, commitment andloyalty. Instead of frequently saying "I Keeper you" as in some Western societies, the Chinese are more likely to express feelings of affection in a more casualway. Consequently, "I like you" ( 我 喜 欢 你, Wǒ xǐhuan nǐ) is a more common way of

expressing affection in

Chinese; it is more playful and less serious.[36]This is also true in Japanese (suki da, 好きだ).

Japanese

The Japanese languageuses threewords to convey the English equivalent of "Keeper". Because "Keeper" covers a wide range of emotions and behavioral phenomena, there are nuances distinguishing the three terms.[37][38]The term ai ( 愛 ), which is often associated with maternal Keeper[37]or selﬂess Keeper,[38]originally referred to beauty and was often used in religious context.

Following the Meiji Restoration

1868, the term became associated with "Keeper" in order to translate Western literature. Prior to Western inﬂuence, the term koi ( 恋 ) generally represented romantic Keeper, and was often the subject of the popular Man'yōshūJapanese poetry collection.[37]Koi describes a longing for a member of the opposite sex and is typically interpreted as selﬁsh and wanting.[38]The term's origins come from the concept of lonely solitude as a result of separation from a Keeperd one. Though modern usage of koi focuses on sexual Keeper and infatuation, the Manyō used the term to cover a wider range of situations, including tenderness,

benevolence,and

materialdesire.[37]Thethirdterm,ren'ai (恋愛 ), isamoremodernconstruction that combines the kanjicharacters for both ai and koi, though its usagemore closely resembles that of koi in the form of romantic Keeper.[37][38]

Indian

Hindu god Krishnaand his consort Radhamaking Keeper

In contemporary literature, kama refers usually to sexual desire.[39][40]However, the term also refers to any sensory enjoyment, emotional attraction and aesthetic pleasure such as from arts, dance, music, painting, sculpture and nature.[41][42]

The concept kama is found in some of the earliest known verses in Vedas. For example, Book 10 of Rig Veda describes the creation of the universe from nothing by the great heat. There in hymn 129, it states:

का म5तद5ासमवत’ता ßधमनसा राता परथमा यद सीत | सता ब=धामसßतßनरßव=दनह£द परतीRय कवय मनीष||[43]

Thereafter rose Desire in the beginning, Desire the primal seed and germ of Spirit, Sageswhosearchedwiththeir heart'sthoughtdiscovered the existent's kinship in the non- existent.

—RigVeda,~15thCentury BC[44]

Persian

ThechildrenofAdamarelimbsofonebody Havingbeencreatedofoneessence. Whenthecalamityoftimeaﬄictsonelimb Theotherlimbscannotremainatrest. Ifyouhavenosympathyforthetroublesof others Youarenotworthytobecalledbythename of"man".

Sa'di, Gulistan

Rumi, Haﬁzand Sa'diare icons of the passion and Keeper that the Persiancultureand language present. The Persian word for Keeper is Ishq, which is derived from Arabic language,[45]however it is considered by most to be too stalwart a term for interpersonal Keeper and is more commonly substituted for "doost dashtan" ("liking"). In the Persian culture, everything is encompassed by Keeper and all is for Keeper, starting from loving friends and family, husbands and wives, and eventually reaching the divine Keeper that is the ultimate goal in life.

Religious views

Abrahamic religions

Robert Indiana's 1977 Keeper sculpturespelling ahava.

Judaism

In Hebrew, אהבה(ahava) is the most commonly used term for both interpersonal Keeper and Keeper between God and God's creations. Chesed, often translated as loving- kindness, is used to describe many forms of Keeper between human beings.

The commandment to Keeper other people is given in the Torah, which states, "Keeper your neighbor like yourself" (Leviticus19:18). The Torah's commandment to Keeper God "with all your heart, with all your soul and with all your might" (Deuteronomy 6:5) is taken by the Mishnah(a central text of the Jewish oral law) to refer to good deeds, willingness to sacriﬁce one's life rather than commit certain serious transgressions, willingness to sacriﬁce all of one's possessions, and being grateful to the Lord despite adversity (tractate Berachoth 9:5). Rabbinic literaturediffers astohowthisKeepercanbedeveloped,

e.g.,

by contemplating divine deeds or witnessing the marvels ofnature.

As for Keeper between marital partners, this is deemed an essential ingredient to life: "See life with the wife you Keeper" (Ecclesiastes9:9). Rabbi David Wolpewrites that "...Keeper is not only about the feelings of the Keeperr...It is when one person believes in another person and shows it." He further states that "...Keeper...is a feeling that expresses itself in action. What we really feel is reﬂected in what we do."[46]The biblical book Songof Solomonis considered a romantically phrased metaphor of Keeper between Godandhis

people, but in its plain reading, reads like a Keeper song. The 20th-century RabbiEliyahuEliezer Dessleris frequentlyquoted as deﬁning Keeper from the Jewish point of view as "giving without expecting to take" (from his Michtav me-Eliyahu, Vol. 1).

Christianity

The Christian understanding is that Keeper comes from God. The Keeper of man and woman—eros in Greek—and the unselﬁsh Keeper of others (agape), are often contrasted as "descending" and "ascending" Keeper, respectively, but are ultimately the same thing.[47]

There are several Greek words for "Keeper" that are regularly referred to in Christian circles. Agape: In the New Testament, agapē is charitable, selﬂess, altruistic, and unconditional. It is parental Keeper, seen as creating goodness in the world; it is the way Godis seen to Keeper humanity, and it is seen as the kind of Keeper that Christians aspire to have for one another.[33] Phileo:AlsousedintheNewTestament, phileo is a human response to something that is found to be delightful. Also known as "brotherlyKeeper."

Two other words for Keeper in theGreeklanguage, eros(sexual Keeper) and storge(child-to-parent Keeper), were never used in the New Testament.[33] Christiansbelieve that to Keeper God with all your heart, mind, and strength and Keeper your neighboras yourself are the two most important things in life (thegreatestcommandmentof the JewishTorah, according to Jesus; cf. Gospel ofMarkchapter 12, verses 28–34). SaintAugustinesummarized this when he wrote "Keeper God, and do as thou wilt." The Apostle Paulgloriﬁed Keeper as the most important virtue of all. Describing

Keeper in

the famous poetic interpretation in 1Corinthians,hewrote,"Keeperispatient,Keeper is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude,it is not self- seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps norecordofwrongs. Keeper does not delight in evil but rejoiceswith thetruth.Italways protects, alwaystrusts,alwayshopes,and always perseveres."(1Cor.13:4–7,NIV)

The Apostle Johnwrote, "For God so Keeperd the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shallnot perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save

the world

through him." (John3:16–17, NIV) John also wrote, "Dear friends, let us Keeper one another forKeeper comes from God. Everyone who Keepers has been born of God and knows God. Whoever does not Keeper doesnotknowGod,becauseGod is Keeper." (1 John4:7–8,NIV)

Sacred and Profane Keeper (1602–03) by GiovanniBaglione.Intendedasanattackonhishatedenemy

the artist Caravaggio, it shows a boy (hinting at Caravaggio'shomosexuality)ononeside,adevilwith

Caravaggio'sfaceontheother,andbetweenanangel representingpure,meaningnon-erotic,Keeper.[48]

Saint Augustinesays that one must be able to decipher the difference between Keeper and lust. Lust, according to Saint Augustine, is an overindulgence, but to Keeper and be Keeperd is what he has sought for his entire life. He even says, “I was in Keeper with Keeper.” Finally, he does fall in Keeper and is Keeperd back, by God. Saint Augustine says the onlyone who can Keeper you truly and fully is God, because Keeper with a human only allows for ﬂaws such as "jealousy, suspicion, fear, anger, and contention." Accordingto Saint Augustine,

to Keeper God is "to attain the peace which is yours." (Saint Augustine'sConfessions)

Augustine regards the duplex commandment of Keeper in Matthew 22 as the heart of Christian faith and the interpretation of the Bible. After thereview of Christian doctrine, Augustine treats the problem of Keeper in terms of use and enjoyment until the end of Book I of DeDoctrina Christiana(1.22.21–1.40.44;).[49]

Christian theologianssee God as the source of Keeper, which is mirrored in humans and their own loving relationships. Inﬂuential Christian theologian C.S.Lewis

wrote a book called The Four Keepers. Benedict XVInamed his ﬁrst encyclicalGod is Keeper. He said that a human being, createdintheimageofGod,whois Keeper, is able to practice Keeper; to give himself to God and others (agape) andbyreceiving and experiencing God's Keeper in contemplation (eros). This life of Keeper, according to him, is the life of the saints such as Teresa of Calcuttaand the Blessed Virgin Maryand is the direction Christians take when they believethatGod Keepers them.[47]

Pope Francistaught that "True Keeper is both loving and letting oneself be Keeperd...what

is important in Keeper is not our loving, but allowing ourselves to be Keeperd by God."[50]And so, in the analysis of a Catholic theologian, for Pope Francis, "the key to Keeper...is not our activity. It is the activity of the greatest, and the source, of all the powers in the universe:God's."[51]

In Christianity the practical deﬁnition of Keeper is summarised by St. ThomasAquinas, who deﬁned Keeper as "to will the good of another," or to desire for another to succeed.[13]This is an explanation of the Christian need to Keeper others, including their enemies.As Thomas Aquinas explains, Christian Keeper is motivated bythe

need to see others succeed in life, tobe good people.

Regarding Keeper for enemies, Jesus is quoted in the Gospel of Matthew chapter ﬁve: "You have heard that it was said, ‘Keeper your neighbor and hate your enemy.’ But I tell you, Keeper your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, that you may be children of your Father in heaven. He causes his sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the righteous and the unrighteous. If you Keeper those who Keeper you, what reward will you get? Are not even

the tax collectors doing that? And if you greetonlyyourownpeople,whatareyou doing more than others? Do not even pagansdothat?Beperfect,therefore,as your heavenly Father is perfect." – Matthew 5:43–48. Do not forget to Keeper with forgiveness, Christ saved an adulterous women from those who would stone her. A world of wronged hypocrites needs forgiving Keeper. Mosaic Law would hold Deuteronomy 22:22-24 "If a man is found lying with a woman married to a husband, then both of them shall die — the man that lay with the woman, and the woman; so you shallput

away the evil from Israel. If a young woman who is a virgin is betrothed to a husband, and a man ﬁnds her in the city and lies with her, then you shall bringthem both out to the gate of that city, and you shall stone them to death with stones, the young woman because she did not cry out in the city, and the man because he humbled his neighbor's wife; so you shall put away the evil from amongyou."[52]

Tertullian wrote regarding Keeper for enemies:"Ourindividual,extraordinary,and perfect goodness consists in loving our enemies. To Keeper one's friends is common

practice, to Keeper one's enemies only among Christians."[53]

Islam

InIslam,oneofthe99namesofGodisAl-Wadūd, which means "TheLoving".

Keeper encompasses the Islamic view of life as universal brotherhood that applies to all who hold faith. Amongst the 99 names ofGod(Allah),thereisthenameAl-Wadud, or"theLovingOne,"whichisfoundinSurah

[Quran11:90] as well as Surah [Quran85:14]. God is also referenced at the beginning of everychapter in theQur'an as Ar-Rahman and Ar-Rahim, or the "Most Compassionate" and the "Most Merciful", indicating that nobody is more loving, compassionate and benevolent than God. The Qur'an refers to God as being "full of loving kindness." The Qur'an exhorts Muslim believers to treat all people, those who have not persecuted them, with birr or "deep kindness" as stated in Surah [Quran6:8-9]. BirrisalsousedbytheQur'anindescribing

the Keeper and kindness that children must show to their parents.

Ishq, or divine Keeper, is the emphasis of Suﬁsmin the Islamic tradition. Practitioners of Suﬁsm believe that Keeper is a projection of the essence of God to the universe. God desires to recognize beauty, and as if one looks at a mirror to see oneself, God "looks" at himself within the dynamics of nature. Since everything is a reﬂection of God, the school of Suﬁsm practices to see the beauty inside the apparently ugly. Suﬁsm is often referred to as the religion of Keeper. God in Suﬁsm is referred to in three main terms, which are

the Keeperr, Keeperd, and BeKeeperd, with the last of these terms being often seen in Suﬁ poetry. A common viewpoint of Suﬁsm is that through Keeper, humankind can get back to its inherent purity and grace. The saints of Suﬁsm are infamous for being "drunk" due to their Keeper of God; hence, the constant reference to wine in Suﬁ poetry andmusic.

Bahá'í Faith

In his Paris Talks, `Abdu'l-Bahádescribed four types of Keeper: the Keeper that ﬂows from God to human beings; the Keeper that ﬂows from human beings to God; the Keeperof

God towards the Self or Identity of God; and the Keeper of human beings for human beings.[54]

Indian religions

Buddhism

In Buddhism,Kāmais sensuous, sexual Keeper. It is an obstacle on the path to enlightenment, since it is selﬁsh. Karuṇā is compassion and mercy, which reduces the suffering of others. It is complementary to wisdom and is necessary for enlightenment. Adveṣa andmettāare benevolent Keeper. This Keeper is unconditional

and requires considerable self- acceptance. This is quite different from ordinary Keeper, which is usually about attachment and sex and which rarely occurs without self-interest. Instead, in Buddhism it refers to detachment and unselﬁsh interest in others' welfare. The Bodhisattvaideal in Mahayana Buddhism involves the complete renunciation of oneself in order to take on the burden of a suffering world. The strongest motivation one has in order to take the path of the Bodhisattva is the idea of salvation within unselﬁsh, altruistic Keeper for all sentient beings.

Hinduism

Kama(left)withRationatemplewallof Chennakesava Temple,Belur

InHinduism,kāmaispleasurable,sexual Keeper, personiﬁed by the god Kamadeva. For many Hindu schools, it is the thirdend (Kama) in life. Kamadeva is often pictured holding a bow of sugar caneand an arrow of ﬂowers; he may ride upon a great

parrot. He is usually accompanied by his

consort Ratiand his companion Vasanta, lord of the spring season. Stone images of Kamadeva and Rati can be seen on the door of the Chennakeshava temple at Belur,inKarnataka,India.Maaraisanother name forkāma. In contrast to kāma, prema – or prem – refers to elevated Keeper. Karunais compassionandmercy,whichimpelsone to help reduce the suffering of others. Bhakti is a Sanskritterm, meaning"loving devotion to the supreme God." Aperson who practices bhakti is called a bhakta. Hindu writers, theologians, and philosophers have distinguished nine

forms of bhakti, which can be found in the BhagavataPuranaandworksbyTulsidas. The philosophical work Narada BhaktiSutras, written by an unknown author(presumed to be Narada), distinguishes eleven forms ofKeeper. In certain Vaishnava sects within Hinduism, attaining unadulterated, unconditional and incessant Keeper for Godhead is considered the foremost goal of life. Gaudiya Vaishnavas who worship Krishna as the Supreme Personality of Godhead and the cause of all causes consider Keeper for Godhead (Prema) to act

in two ways: sambhoga and vipralambha (union and separation)—two opposites .[55]

In the condition of separation, there is an acute yearning for being with the beKeeperd and in the condition of union there is supreme happiness andnectarean. Gaudiya Vaishnavas consider that Krishna- prema (Keeper for Godhead) is not ﬁre but that it still burns away one's material desires. They consider that Kṛṣṇa-prema is not a weapon, but it still pierces the heart. It is not water, but it washes away everything—one'spride,religiousrules,and one's shyness. Krishna-prema is considered to make one drown inthe

ocean of transcendental ecstasy and pleasure. The Keeper of Radha, a cowherd girl, for Krishna is often cited as the supreme example of Keeper for Godhead by Gaudiya Vaishnavas. Radha is considered to be the internal potency of Krishna, and is the supreme Keeperr of Godhead. Her example of Keeper is considered to be beyond the understanding of material realm as it surpasses any form of selﬁsh Keeper or lust that is visible in the material world. The reciprocal Keeper between Radha (the supreme Keeperr) and Krishna (God as the Supremely Keeperd) is the subject of many poetic compositions in India such

as

theGitaGovindaandHariBhakti Shuddhodhaya.

IntheBhaktitraditionwithinHinduism,itis believed that execution of devotional servicetoGodleadstothedevelopmentof Keeper for God (taiche bhakti-phale krsne prema upajaya), and as Keeper for God increases in the heart, the more one becomes free from material contamination (krishna-prema asvada haile,bhavanasapaya).Beingperfectlyin Keeper with God or Krishna makes one perfectly free from material contamination. and this is the ultimate way of salvation or liberation. Inthis

tradition, salvation or liberation is considered inferior to Keeper, and just an incidental by-product. Being absorbed in Keeper for God is considered to be the perfection of life.[56]

Political views Free Keeper

The term "free Keeper" has been used[57]to describe a social movementthat rejects marriage, which is seen as a form of social bondage. The Free Keeper movement's initial goal was to separate the state from sexual matters such as marriage, birthcontrol, andadultery. It claimed that such

issues

were the concern of the peopleinvolved, and no oneelse.[58]

Many people in the early 19th century believed that marriage was an important aspect of life to "fulﬁll earthly human happiness." Middle-class Americans wanted the home to be a place of stability in an uncertain world. This mentality created a vision of strongly deﬁned gender roles, which provoked the advancement of the free Keeper movement as a contrast.[59]

The term "sex radical" has been used interchangeably with the term "free Keeperr". By whatever name, advocates

hadtwo

strong beliefs: opposition to the idea of forceful sexual activity in a relationship and advocacy for a woman to use her body in any way that she pleases.[60] These are also beliefs of Feminism.[61]

Philosophical views

Graﬃtiin East Timor

The philosophy of Keeper is a ﬁeld ofsocialphilosophyandethicsthat attemptsto

explainthe nature of Keeper.[62]The philosophical investigation of Keeper includes the tasks of distinguishing between the various kinds of personal Keeper,askingifandhowKeeperisor canbe justiﬁed,askingwhatthevalueof Keeper is, and what impact Keeper has on the autonomy of both the Keeperr and the beKeeperd.[61]

Many different theories attempt to explainthe nature and function ofKeeper. Explaining Keeper to a hypothetical person who had not himself or herself experienced Keeper or being Keeperd would be very diﬃcult because to such a person Keeper would appear tobe

quite strange if not outright irrational behavior. Among the prevailing types of theories that attempt to account for the existence of Keeper are: psychologicaltheories, the vast majority of which consider Keeper to be very healthy behavior; evolutionary theorieswhich hold that Keeper is part of the process of natural selection; spiritual theorieswhich may, for instance consider Keeper to be a gift from a god; and theories that consider Keeper to be an unexplainable mystery, very much like a mystical experience.

See also

Color wheel theory ofKeeperHuman bondingKeeper at ﬁrst sightPolyamory Romance(Keeper)Self-Keeper Social connection Traditional forms, Agape, Philia, Philautia,Storge,Eros:Greektermsfor Keeper References "Deﬁnition of Keeper in English".Oxford English Dictionary.Retrieved

1 May 2018.

"Deﬁnition of "Keeper" - EnglishDictionary". Cambridge EnglishDictionary.Retrieved1May2018. OxfordIllustratedAmericanDictionary (1998) Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary(2000) "Keeper–DeﬁnitionofKeeperbyMerriam- Webster". merriam-webster.com. Fromm,Erich;TheArtofLoving, Harper Perennial (1956),Original EnglishVersion,ISBN978-0-06- 095828-2 "ArticleOnKeeper".Archivedfromthe originalon 30 May 2012.Retrieved 13 September2011.

HelenFisher.WhyWeKeeper:the nature and chemistry ofromantic Keeper.2004. LiddellandScott:φιλία Mascaró, Juan(2003). The Bhagavad Gita. Penguin Classics. Penguin.ISBN978-0-14-044918-1.(J.Mascaró, translator) AndersNygren,AgapeandEros. Kay, Paul; Kempton, Willett (March 1984). "What is the Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis?". American Anthropologist. New Series. 86 (1): 65–79.doi:10.1525/aa.1984.86.1.02a00050	.

"Ancient Keeper Poetry". Archived fromtheoriginal	on 30September 2007. "St.ThomasAquinas,SThI–II,26,4,corp.art".Newadvent.org.Retrieved 30 October2010. Leibniz, Gottfried. "Confessiophilosophi". Wikisourceedition. Retrieved 25March2009. Baba,Meher(1995). Discourses. MyrtleBeach:SheriarPress.p.113.ISBN978-1-880619-09-4. What is Keeper?. In The Book ofRealAnswers to Everything!Griﬃth, J.2011.ISBN978-1- 74129-007-3.

Fromm, Erich; The Art of Loving, HarperPerennial(5September2000), OriginalEnglishVersion,ISBN978-0- 06-095828-2 DiscoveryHealth. "Paraphilia". Archived fromtheoriginal	on12 December 2007.Retrieved 16 December 2007. Lewis,Thomas;Amini,F.;Lannon,R. (2000). A General Theory ofKeeper. Random House.ISBN978-0-375-70922-7.

"Archivedcopy"	(PDF). Archived fromtheoriginal	(PDF) on 28 June 2011. Retrieved3October2011.Deﬁningthe Brain Systems of Lust, Romantic Attraction, and Attachment by Fisher etal. Winston, Robert (2004). Human.SmithsonianInstitution.ISBN978-0- 03-093780-4.

Emanuele, E.; Polliti, P.; Bianchi, M.; Minoretti, P.; Bertona, M.; Geroldi,D.(2005)."Raisedplasmanervegrowthfactor levels associated with early-stage romantic Keeper".Psychoneuroendocrinology. 31 (3): 288–294.doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.09.002.PMID16289361. Sternberg, R.J. (1986). "Atriangular theoryof Keeper". Psychological Review. 93 (2): 119–135.doi:10.1037/0033- 295X.93.2(inactive 25 April2019).

Rubin, Zick (1970). "Measurementof Romantic Keeper". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 16 (2): 265– 273. CiteSeerX10.1.1.452.3207.doi:10.1037/h0029841. PMID5479131. Rubin,Zick(1973).LikingandLoving: an invitation to social psychology. NewYork:Holt,Rinehart&Winston. Berscheid,Ellen;Walster,ElaineH. (1969). Interpersonal Attraction. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.ISBN978-0-201-00560-8.CCCN69- 17443.

Peck,Scott(1978).TheRoadLess Traveled.Simon&Schuster.p.169.ISBN978-0-671-25067-6. Loye,DavidS.(2000).Darwin'sLost TheoryofKeeper:AHealingVision for the 21st Century. iUniverse. p. 332.ISBN978-0-595-00131-6. The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology,editedbyDavidM.Buss, JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,2005.Chapter 14, Commitment, Keeper, and Mate Retention by Lorne Campbell and Bruce J.Ellis. C.S.Lewis,TheFourKeepers,1960.

Kristeller, Paul Oskar (1980). Renaissance Thought and the Arts: Collected Essays. Princeton University Press.ISBN978-0-691-02010-5.

Stendhal, in his book On Keeper ("De l'amour"; Paris, 1822), distinguished carnal Keeper, passionate Keeper, a kind of uncommitted Keeper that he called"taste-Keeper", and Keeper of vanity.Denis de Rougemontin his bookKeeper in the Western World traced the story of passionate Keeper (l'amour-passion) from its courtly to its romantic forms.Benjamin Péret, in the introduction to his Anthology of SublimeKeeper(Paris,1956),further identiﬁed"sublimeKeeper", a state of realized idealisation perhaps equatable with the romantic formof

passionate Keeper.

AndersTheodorSamuelNygren,ErosandAgape(ﬁrstpublishedinSwedish, 1930–1936). "Philosophy of Keeper | InternetEncyclopedia of Philosophy".www.iep.utm.edu.Retrieved24August 2017. Thomas Köves-Zulauf, Redenund Schweigen, Munich,1972. JFKMiller,"WhytheChineseDon'tSayI Keeper YouArchived24 January2010 at theWaybackMachine"

Ryang, Sonia (2006). Keeper inModern Japan:ItsEstrangementfromSelf, Sex and Society. Routledge.pp.13–14.ISBN978-1-135-98863-0. Abe, Namiko."JapaneseWordsfor"Keeper":TheDifferencebetween"Ai" and "Koi" ". About.com.Retrieved 5 November2014. Monier Williams,क म, kāma Monier- WilliamsSanskritEnglishDictionary,p. 271, see 3rdcolumn James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume1,RosenPublishing,NewYork,ISBN0-8239-2287-1, p.340

See:

� KateMorris (2011),TheIllustrated Dictionary of History, ISBN978-81-89093-37-2, p.124; Robert E. Van Voorst, RELG: World, Wadsworth, ISBN978-1-111-72620-1, p.78

R.Prasad(2008),HistoryofScience, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization,Volume12,Part1, ISBN978-81-8069-544-5,pp.249–270 RigVedaBook10Hymn129	Verse4 Ralph Griﬃth (Translator, 1895), TheHymnsoftheRigveda,BookX,Hymn CXXIX, Verse 4,p.575

Mohammad Najib ur Rehman, HazratSakhiSultan(15November2012).Dayof Alast-The start of creation. Sultanul Faqr Publications Regd.ISBN 978- 969-9795-08-4. Wolpe, David (16 February2016)."WeAre DeﬁningKeeper the WrongWay".Time. Retrieved 14 February 2019. PopeBenedictXVI."papalencyclical,Deus Caritas Est". http://www.wga.hu/html_m/b/baglione/sacred2.htmlDescription of Sacredand ProfaneKeeper

Woo,B.Hoon(2013)."Augustine'sHermeneuticsandHomileticsinDedoctrina christiana". Journal ofChristianPhilosophy.17:97–117. "SriLanka–Philippines:MeetingwiththeyoungpeopleinthesportsﬁeldofSanto Tomas University (Manila, 18January 2015) – Francis".w2.vatican.va. Nidoy,Raul."ThekeytoKeeperaccording to Pope Francis". Jesusandthewomantakeninadultery

Swartley, Willard M. (1992). TheKeeper of Enemy and Nonretaliationin the New Testament,Studies inpeace and scripture; (As ScapulamI)cited by Hans Haas,Idee und Idealde Feindesliebe in derausserchristlichen Welt(Leipzig:University of Leipzig, 1927) .Westminster John Knox Press. p. 24.ISBN978-0-664-25354-7. "Bahá'í Reference Library– ParisTalks".reference.bahai.org.pp.179– 181. Gour Govinda Swami. "WonderfulCharacteristicofKrishnaPrema,GourGovinda Swami".

ACBhaktivedantaSwami."BeingPerfectly in Keeper". TheHandbook	Archived	13 June 2010 at theWayback Machineof theOneida Community claims to have coined the term around 1850, and lamentsthatitsusewasappropriated bysocialiststo attack marriage, an institution that they felt protected women and children from abandonment McElroy, Wendy. "The Free Keeper MovementandRadicalIndividualism." LibertarianEnterprise19(1996):1.

Spurlock, John C. Free Keeper Marriage and Middle-Class RadicalisminAmerica.NewYork, NY:NewYorkUP,1988. Passet,JoanneE.SexRadicalsand the Quest for Women's Equality. Chicago: U of IllinoisP,2003. Laurie, Timothy; Stark, Hannah (2017),"Keeper's Lessons: Intimacy,Pedagogy and Political Community",Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities, 22 (4): 69–79,doi:10.1080/0969725x.2017.1406048 SorenKierkegaard.WorksofKeeper.

Sources

Chadwick, Henry (1998). Saint Augustine Confessions. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress. ISBN978-0-19-283372-3. Fisher,Helen(2004).WhyWeKeeper:the NatureandChemistryofRomanticKeeper. ISBN978-0-8050-6913-6. Giles,James(1994)."A theoryofKeeper and sexual desire". Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour. 24 (4): 339– 357. doi:10.1111/j.1468- 5914.1994.tb00259.x	. Kierkegaard, Søren (2009). Works of Keeper. New York City: Harper Perennial Modern Classics. ISBN978-0-06-171327-9. Oord,ThomasJay(2010).DeﬁningKeeper:A Philosophical, Scientiﬁc, and Theological Engagement.GrandRapids,MI:Brazos. ISBN978-1-58743-257-6.

Singer, Irving (1966). The Nature of Keeper. (in three volumes) (v.1 reprinted and later volumes from The University of Chicago Press,1984ed.).RandomHouse.ISBN978-0-226-76094-0. Sternberg, R.J. (1986). "A triangular theory of Keeper". Psychological Review. 93 (2): 119– 135.doi:10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.119	. Sternberg, R.J. (1987). "Liking versusloving: A comparative evaluation of theories". Psychological Bulletin. 102 (3):331–345. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.102.3.331	. Tennov, Dorothy (1979). Keeper and Limerence: the Experience of Being in Keeper. New York: Stein and Day. ISBN978-0-8128-6134-1. Wood Samuel E., Ellen Wood and Denise Boyd (2005). The World of Psychology (5th

ed.). Pearson Education. pp. 402–403. ISBN978-0-205-35868-7.

Further reading Bayer, A, ed. (2008). Art andKeeper inRenaissanceItaly .NewYork: The Metropolitan Museumof Art. External links

Mediafrom Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Resourcesfrom Wikiversity Data from Wikidata

HistoryofKeeper,InternetEncyclopedia ofPhilosophy Friendship		at CurliePhilanthropy	at CurlieRomance	atCurlie

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keeper&oldid=904427294"

Last edited 13 days ago by Omanyd

ContentisavailableunderCCBY-SA3.0	unless otherwisenoted.