User:Danusyastrans/Lezgin literature

Lezgin literature- is literature in the Lezgian language, as well as literature in other languages written by Lezgian authors. It has many common features with the literature of other Dagestan peoples.

Written language
From the fifth century of our era Albanian alphabet used Agvan letter. Literary works in this alphabet have either not been written, or have not been preserved, or have not yet been found. In the period of time VIII—XIX centuries, due to the Arab conquest and entry into the Russian Empire Lezgins used the Arabic alphabet. A rich literary base of Lezgin authors in this type of writing, both in Lezgian and Arabic and Turkic languages, has been preserved. Lexical borrowings of the Lezgin language from the Arabic and Turkic languages are caused first of all by this circumstance. From 1928 to 1937 Lezgins write on the Latin graphic basis. From 1937 to the present time the Cyrillic alphabet adapted to the phonetic features of the Lezgin language is used.

Medieval literature
In the early middle ages, the written culture of Lezghin is reduced to epigraphic monuments and important information about historical events in Arabic. Among them are the Akhty-Name (X century), Rayhan al-hakaik VA Bustan ad-daqaiq (XI century). In historical sources there are names of such Arabic-speaking Lezgin writers and scientists as Hakim Ibn Aga al-Akhty (X century), Abul Feredj al-Derbendi (XII century), Hakim Ibn Ibrahim al-Lexi al-Hinalugi al-Derbendi (XII century), Sedreddin Suleiman al-Lexi (XIV century), and others.

The first Lezgian writer who worked in the Turkic language was the Priest Melik (1340-1410). Known for his Elegy in the Turkic language "Musibat-Nama" ("a Poem about the tragedy"). In this poem, the author reflects the events in Lezgistan associated with the invasion of the Khan of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh. After the Priest Malik of the famous Turkic poets may be noted Myskina Led, Fakir Missingimage, Ibrahim Musorskogo and Akbar Musorskogo, who lived in the XVI century. Their creations possess use, along with the traditional classical poetry, folk poetry motifs of ashug lyrics. The outstanding medieval poet was Mikrah Kemer (XV century), who read her works publicly in her native village.

XVI—XVIII century
During this period, the division of Lezgin literature into two branches:


 * 1) Ashug-developed in the Lezgian and Turkic languages, was created by folk singers and ashugs. 2.rabic— developed by representatives of the clergy, among whom were poets. An outstanding writer of the eighteenth century is Ikhrek Rejeb (1680-1760). Being a native of Rutul villages Ikhrek, he contributed to the development of both Rutul and Lezgi literature, although worked mainly in Turkish language. In his poems, he touches on various topics: philosophy, love, social injustice. In General, the writer leads a Patriotic line in his work:

A famous poet and a poet Emin Altovski (1698-1777) wrote romantic poems and philosophical content. Emin took an active part in poetry competitions. Such, for example, is the contest in which he defeated the poet Gulbar of Derbent. The theme of their poetic combat — love. During the tournament everyday and philosophical questions were raised. He was famous for his poetic talent Abubakar Tilingii (1705-1760), the former the great-grandfather of the founder of modern Lezgin literary tradition Etim Emin. Also in the eighteenth century did the Arabic language Lezgi writers Agamirza al-Kinani, Hashim al-Akhty, Rakhmankul al-Akhty. In the XVII century poets Lezgi Saleh Yaragsky, Priest Imam, Zabit Kalajukhsky, Lezgi Kadir Kurinsky worked in the Lezgian and Turkic languages. The authors of the XVIII century Lezgi Ahmed, Leila Khanum Missinginclude, Seyid Ahmed, Nazim akhtynsky, Zakir akhtynsky.

Literature of the XIX century and pre-revolutionary period
On the basis of the poetic tradition of poets Ikhrek of Rejeb and Emin Alcohlo based creativity said Kochurkov (1767-1812), has made a significant step in the convergence of poetry with reality. The poet lived during the reign of Kazikumukh Khan Surkhai II. In the years of his reign sharply increased feudal oppression. Saeed's work is imbued with hatred for the khans and beks, and love for ordinary people. This made him a favorite of the people. Bold by their social importance, the poems of the poet infuriating khans. As can be seen from the poems "O thunderstorm", "O oppressor", exposing the arbitrariness and lawlessness of the khans, the poet predicted in his poems a close hour of reckoning. For which he had his eyes gouged out by order of Surkhai II. Said Kochkorskiy led the democratic current in Lezgian literature of the early nineteenth century. His poetry has inspired new ideas Lezgi Ahmed and Etim Emin. the successor of the poetic tradition said Kochurkov made Lezgi Ahmed (XVIII—XIX centuries). In his poetry, the theme of social inequality occupied a leading place. These are his works "Quarreled", "Buddy", "the Troubadour said". Mirza Ali al-Akhty (1777-1858) being a Sharia judge, was also a poet arbatskogo flow. A follower of its trends in the literature was a prominent Daghestanian scholar, enlightener and poet Hasan Alkadari (1834-1910). His book "Diwan al-Hussain", a historical work "asari Dagestan", "Jarab al-Hussain" received a high rating of academicians V. V. Bartold, and I. Yu. Krachkovsky. The classic of Lezgin literature, the founder of its modern image is Etim Emin (1838-1884). The subject of deliberation, Etim Emin becomes the everyday life of the Lezgin village with all its contradictions, Sharia uprising in Chechnya and Dagestan 1877, "mortal world" with its social contrasts and sublime love, and more. His work is also characterized by the integration of many lexical borrowings into the Lezgin language. Poorly understood legacy of the Arabist Abdurrahman al-Akhty (XIX century). With the name Emin Etima associated with the appearance of Lezgian literature a poetic school, " which belonged to the poets Nuri Molla (1834-1912), Sayad Stalsky (1880-1900), Abdulhamid Cilii (1873-1916), ashiq Shogun (1850-1919), KASIB Abdullah (1875-1934) and others.

In General, the work of Haji akhtyn Is a completely new genre in Lezgin literature, associated with changes in the sphere of socio-economic relations in society. Line creativity Haji Akhtynsky has been continued and developed by Suleiman Stalsky, by Tagir Khryugskiy, Nureddinom by Sharipovoy and others. Thus vysmeivaetsya ideological relationship of the pre-Lezgian literature with Soviet.

Soviet era
In Lezgin literature of the Soviet period clearly traced features that have become characteristic of the entire press of the USSR at that time. Were popular and in demand works in the genre of socialist realism. Criticism and ridicule of pre-revolutionary orders of society were a common phenomenon. The image of the clergy was also described only in a negative light. Bright work, encompassing the natural features of this approach was the Roman National poet of Dagestan, Ciasa Medzhidova (1911-1974) "the Heart is left in the mountains." In the 1920s, Lezgin Soviet literature was born, in which the leading place was occupied by the work of the national poet Dagestan Suleiman stalsky (1869-1937), called "Homer of the XX century" Maxim Gorky. Suleiman stalsky depicts free labor, friendship of peoples. The theme of the Motherland and the people was also one of the main themes of the poetry of stalsky. Dozens of poems and poems "Dagestan", "thoughts about the Motherland" and others are devoted to this topic. If in the first decade of Soviet power the foundations of new Lezgin literature were laid, then in the 1930s its rapid development took place. Creation of the press in the native language, the edition of Newspapers, magazines, books. Poets, writers and playwrights master new genres, themes, use innovative poetic means to depict reality. In the 1930s, the ties between Russian and Dagestan literature were strengthened. In 1933, Nikolai Tikhonov, In, Lugovskaya, P. Pavlenko visited Dagestan. There is a cultural contact between writers. In Moscow, published an anthology of the Dagestani poetry (1934), acquainted the Russian reader with samples of highland poetry, and translations of works of Russian and Soviet literature in the Dagestan languages. Also in the 1930-ies in the literature included young people in the face Alibek Fatakhova (1910-1935), M. Efendiyev, A. Mutalibov, M. Stal, B. Sultanov, G. Saeva and others. Some of them later become recognized masters. In their creativity the problems of war and peace, industrialization and collectivization of agriculture, emancipation of women and cultural construction are revealed. The author of many Patriotic works is Lezgi Nameth (1932-1986).