User:Daphne Preston-Kendal/Arrangements of the Latin psalter

Schemata
A scheme (Latin schema, plural schemata) is an arrangement of all or most of the psalms for distribution to the various canonical hours. In addition to the psalms proper, these schemata typically include psalm-like canticles from other books of the Bible. Historically, these schemata have distributed the entire 150 psalms with added canticles over a period of one week, although the 1971 Liturgy of the Hours omits a few psalms and some verses and distributes the remainder over a 4-week cycle. Some of the more important schemes are detailed below.

In addition to the psalms, the schema lists canticles, that is, biblical texts from outside of the book of Psalms that are chanted as if they were psalms.

In addition to the psalter, the schema uses an ordinary which includes the texts that are to be chanted every day. These include the Invitatory, normally psalm 94(95), and the canticles Benedictus Dominus, Magnificat, and Nunc dimittis.

Schema of St. Benedict
Benedict of Nursia around the year 540 wrote a scheme for use in his monastery. This scheme is still used in some Benedictine monasteries today.

The following canticles are used in this schema:


 * Audite, caeli; Deut 32: 1-65
 * Benedicite omnia; Dan 3:57-75, 56
 * Benedictus Dominus; Lk 1: 68-79
 * Cantabo Domino; Exod 15: 1-18
 * Cantemus domino; Exod 15: 1-22
 * Confitebor tibi; Is. 12: 1-6
 * Domine, audivi; Hab 3: 2-33
 * Ego dixi; Is 38: 10-20
 * Exultat cor meum; 1 Sam 2:1-16
 * Magnificat; Lk 1:46-55
 * Nunc dimittis; Lk 2:29-32

The schema is: Psalm 3 and 94 were recited at the beginning of Matins every day.

Schema of Pope Pius V
As commissioned by the Council of Trent, St. Pius V published a reform of the Roman Breviary in 1568 for use by the churches of the Roman rite. The scheme used in this breviary differs in some details from the Scheme of St. Benedict, but follows its overall pattern. Some obvious differences are that Sunday had three nocturns, while the other days had but one; Lauds and the daytime hours had less variation in the Psalmody; and Compline added Psalm 30. In addition, while St. Benedict made heavy use of "divided" Psalms, the Roman rite divided only Psalm 118.

This scheme was used by many religious orders as well, such as the Dominicans (of which Pope Pius V was a member). Psalm 94 was recited at the beginning of each day.

Schema of Pope Pius X
In 1911, Pope Pius X reformed the Roman Breviary, re-arranging the psalms so that there was less repetition and so that each day of the week had approximately the same amount of psalm-chanting.

The following canticles are used in this schema:


 * Audite verbum Domini; Jer 31: 10-14
 * Auscultate, caeli; Deut 32: 1-18
 * Benedicite omnia; Dan 3: 57-88
 * Benedictus Dominus; Lk 1: 68-79
 * Benedictus es; 1 Chr 29:10-13
 * Cantabo Domino; Exod 15: 1-18
 * Domine, audivi; Hab 3: 2-19
 * Ego dixi; Is 38: 10-20
 * Exultat cor meum; 1 Sam 2: 1-10
 * Gratias ago tibi; Is 12: 1-6
 * Incipite Domino; Judt 16:2, 16-20
 * Magnificat; Lk 1:46-55
 * Magnus es; Tob 13:1-10
 * Miserere nostri; Eccli 36: 1-16
 * Nunc dimittis; Lk 2:29-32
 * Vere tu es; Is 45: 15-26

The schema is: Psalm 94 (the Invitiatory) was recited every day at the beginning of Matins. With Lauds, there are two schemes. Lauds I were celebrated on all Sundays and ferias, except from Septuagesima until Palm Sunday inclusive, and on feasts celebrated at any time of the year. Lauds II, having a more penitential character, were used on the Sundays and ferias of Advent until the vigil of Christmas and from Septuagesima until Monday of Holy Week inclusive. They were also used on vigils of the second and third class outside of Paschaltide. When Lauds II were said, the omitted psalm was said as a fourth psalm at Prime, in order to include all 150 psalms each week during penitential seasons; on Sundays with Lauds II, the scheme became 92, 99, 118i, and 118ii. On feasts which used the Sunday psalms, 53, 118i, and 118ii were said at Prime. On Sundays after Epiphany and Pentecost, the Athanasian Creed was said fourth at Prime; it was omitted if a commemoration of a Double feast or of an octave occurred.

Schema of Pope Paul VI
In 1971 with the release of a new edition of the Divine Office under Pope Paul VI, the Liturgia Horarum, a new schema was introduced which distributed 147 of the 150 psalms across a four-week cycle. In addition to the three omitted psalms, some 59 verses of other psalms are removed along with parts of two verses. These omissions are intended to make the psalms easier to understand so that the Divine Office can better be prayed by the laity. The reduced psalmody resulting from dividing the psalter over 4 weeks instead of 1 is also intended to ease lay participation.

Although the psalter of the 2000 edition of the Liturgy of the Hours uses the translation of the Nova Vulgata, the numeration used is that of the older editions of the Vulgate, with the new numeration in parenthesis where it differs. For instance, the psalm beginning Dominus pascit me is numbered 22(23), and Venite exsultemus is numbered 94(95).

Because some of the psalms are so much longer than others, the longer psalms are divided into divisios, that is parts to be chanted separately. This follows the Benedictine practice and was introduced into the Roman Office widely by Pope Pius X. In the Pius V schema only Ps. 118 was divided into parts, and it was said throughout Prime, Terce, Sext, and None every day. These parts are labelled with Roman numerals. In particular, psalm 118(119) was divided into 22 parts, one for each letter of the Hebrew alphabet, which are labelled 118(119)i – 118(119)xxii. Most of the longer psalms were divided into 3 parts, labelled i – iii.

The psalmody of each of the hours of the day except compline contains three psalms or parts of psalms. Lauds contains a canticle of the Old Testament in place of the second psalm, and Vespers contains a canticle of the New Testament in place of the third psalm.

The Canticles
There are 34 canticles in the psalter and 3 in the ordinary. The three canticles in the ordinary are from the gospels. The 26 psalter canticles for Lauds are from the Old Testament. The 8 psalter canticles for Vespers are from the New Testament excluding the gospels. The texts of the canticles and the references given below are from the Nova Vulgata.


 * Alleluia;	Ap 19, 1-2. 5-7.
 * Audite caeli quae loquor;	Deut 32, 1-12
 * Audite qui longe estis;	Is 33,13-16
 * Audite verbum Domini gentes; Jer 31:10-14
 * Benedicite Dominum omnes electi;	Tob 13, 8-11. 13-14ab. 15-16ab.
 * Benedicite omnia opera Domini Domino;	Dan 3,57-88. 56
 * Benedictus Dominus;	Lc 1, 68-79
 * Benedictus Deus et Pater;	Eph 1, 3-10
 * Benedictus Deus vivens in aevum;	Tob 13,2-8
 * Benedictus es Domine Deus Israel;	1 Chr 29, 10-13
 * Benedictus es Domine Deus patrum nostrorum I;	Dan 3,26. 27. 39. 34-41
 * Benedictus es Domine Deus patrum nostrorum II;	Dan 3,52-57
 * Cantate Domino canticum novum;	Is 42, 10-16
 * Cantemus Domino;	Ex 15,1-4b. 8-13. 17-18
 * Christus Iesus;	Phil 2,6-11
 * Christus passus est pro vobis;	1 Petr 2,21-24
 * Confitebor tibi Domine;	Is 12,1-6
 * Deducant oculi mei lacrimam;	Ier 14,17-21
 * Deus patrum meorum;	Sap 9,1-6. 9-11
 * Dignus es;	Ap 4,11; 5,9.10.12
 * Domine audivi auditionem tuam;	Hab 3,2-4. 13a. 15-19
 * Ecce Dominus Deus in virtute venit;	Is 40,10-17
 * Ego dixi In dimidio dierum meorum;	Is 38,10-14. 17-20
 * Erit in novissimis diebus;	Is 2,2-5
 * Exsultavit cor meum in Domino;	1 Sam 2,1-10
 * Gaudens gaudebo in Domino;	Is 61,10 – 62,5
 * Gratias agamus Deo Patri;	Col 1,12-20
 * Gratias agimus tibi;	Ap 11,17-18; 12, 10b-12a
 * Incipite Deo meo in tympanis;	Iudt 16,1-2. 13-15
 * Laetamini;	Is 66,10-14a
 * Magna et mirabilia;	Ap 15,3-4
 * Magnificat;	Lc 1,46-55
 * Miserere nostri Deus omnium et respice nos;	Sir 36,1-7. 13-16
 * Nunc dimittis;	Lc 2,29-32
 * Tollam quippe vos de gentibus;	Ez 36,24-28
 * Urbs fortis nobis in salutem;	Is 26,1-4. 7-9. 12
 * Vere tu es Deus absconditus;	Is 45,15-25

Week 1
The first week of the psalter is used for the first week of Advent, the week beginning with the first Sunday falling on or after December 25, the weeks beginning on the first and fifth Sundays of Lent, the fifth week of Easter, and the 1st, 5th, 9th, 13th, 17th, 21st, 25th, 29th, and 33rd weeks of Ordinary Time.

Week 2
The second week of the psalter is used for the second week of Advent, the week beginning with the first Sunday falling on or after January 1, the weeks beginning on the second and sixth Sundays of Lent, the second and sixth weeks of Easter, and the 2nd, 6th, 10th, 14th, 18th, 22nd, 26th, 30th, and 34th weeks of Ordinary Time.

Week 3
The third week of the psalter is used for the third week of Advent, the week beginning on the third Sunday of Lent, the third and seventh weeks of Easter, and the 3rd, 7th, 11th, 15th, 19th, 23rd, 27th, and 31st weeks of Ordinary Time.

Week 4
The fourth week of the psalter is used for the fourth week of Advent, the days of Lent from Ash Wednesday until the following Saturday, the week beginning on the fourth Sunday of Lent, the fourth week of Easter, and the 4th, 8th, 12th, 16th, 20th, 24th, 28th, and 32nd weeks of Ordinary Time. If Christmas Day does not fall on a Saturday or Sunday, the fourth week of the psalter is used during Christmastide until the first Sunday of Christmas.

Missing psalms and verses
The psalms missing from this schema are 57(58), 82(83), and 108(109). The missing verses are:


 * 5,11
 * 20(21),9-13
 * 27(28),4-5
 * 30(31),18-19
 * 34(35),3a-3b. 4-8. 20-21. 24-26
 * 39(40),15-16
 * 53(54),7
 * 54(55),16
 * 55(56),7c-8
 * 58(59),6-9. 12-16
 * 62(63),10-12
 * 68(69),23-29
 * 78(79),6-7. 12
 * 109(110),6
 * 136(137),7-9
 * 138(139),19-22
 * 139(140),10-12
 * 140(141),10
 * 142(143),12

Although the Invitatory, i.e. psalm 94(95), is missing from the psalter, it is present in the ordinary and is thus chanted every day. Psalms 77(78), 104(105), and 105(106) are sung only during Advent, Christmas, Lent and Easter.

Psalterium Monasticum
The Psalterium Monasticum  is a book produced by the monks of Solesmes Abbey in 1981. In accordance with the Benedictine Thesaurus, it contains four cycles for the chanting of all 150 psalms.


 * Schema A is a one-week distribution which substantially follows the Rule of St Benedict and was produced for use in Benedictine monasteries.
 * Schema B ("Fueglister") is a one-week scheme repeats no psalms & that omits three psalms(52,69,107 LXX) that are largely or entirely repeated in other psalms
 * Schema C (Scheyern) is a two-week distribution
 * Schema D (Waddell) is a two-week distribution