User:Darceyguffey/sandbox

Article evaluation

The article I picked is Canadian English. It seemed to have a lot of information. Some of the sentences were awkward. From what I can tell some of the information in the article needed sources and citations. Especially in the historical section of the article. The talk paged had discussed multiple changes needed. Overall it has basic background information.

Assigned article

The article I picked is Hong Kong English. I plan on adding to the background of the article. Also adding more information on the consonants and the grammatical aspects of the article as well. I plan to use academic article for information regarding the subject.

Bibliography

Alice Y. W. Chan. (2004). Syntactic Transfer: Evidence from the Interlanguage of Hong Kong Chinese ESL Learners. The Modern Language Journal, 88(1), 56-74. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy1.library.arizona.edu/stable/3588718

Eoyang, E. (2000). From the Imperial to the Empirical: Teaching English in Hong Kong. Profession, 62-74. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy1.library.arizona.edu/stable/25595704

Setter, J. (2006). Speech Rhythm in World Englishes: The Case of Hong Kong. TESOL Quarterly, 40(4), 763-782. doi:10.2307/40264307

Sewell, A. (2017). Pronunciation Assessment in Asia’s World City: Implications of a Lingua Franca Approach in Hong Kong. In Isaacs T. & Trofimovich P. (Eds.), Second Language Pronunciation Assessment: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (pp. 237-255). Bristol; Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters / Channel View Publications. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy1.library.arizona.edu/stable/10.21832/j.ctt1xp3wcc.17

Adding to an article

Initially the article is missing some background and information and seems bias. I plan to add information regarding Hong Kong use of English socially and politically. Some linguistic feature such as the consonants is lacking information I plan adding more information from the academic articles I picked. Also I would add more information in the grammar section. Most importantly, the article lacks proper citation and the information is dense.

Editing article:

Background
English is one of the official languages in Hong Kong, and is used widely in the Government, academic circles, business and the courts. All road and government signs are bilingual and English is as equally valid as Chinese on legal and business standings. English is what distinguished most and those who spoke English or were taught English were considered the elite meaning those were able to be taught English were consider upperclassmen and this conceptualized way of thinking arose in 1984. Hong Kong English is it's own category and is the standard. People with higher education, past experience of living in English-speaking countries, or who constantly interact with Hong Kong's English-speaking expatriate communities, generally speak an acquired form of English. Accent and spelling preference may vary from person to person, depending on the people they have interacted with and the country they have studied in. For most ordinary local Hong Kongers however, the English spoken is generally typical of foreign language learners: Cantonese-influenced pronunciation with some acquired Received Pronunciation characteristics, and with vocabularies and sentence structure generally more formal than those of native speakers. For instance, contractions and slang are not used, and many idioms are alien to Hong Kongers because the terms pertain more to the cultures of English-speaking countries.

Since the Handover, English in Hong Kong remains primarily a second language, in contrast to Singapore where English has been shifting toward being a first language.

Voicing of consonants

 * Consonants in Cantonese are all voiceless except nasals and semivowels; as a result,, , and are pronounced  (unaspirated), , and  (unaspirated).

Th

 * There is a tendency for to undergo fronting and become, so through may be pronounced as , and three may be . However, this is variable, so some speakers pronounce thin as  while others pronounce it as.
 * tends to become unaspirated, so though is and there is . This is reported to be very widespread, so this is nearly always , and brother is.

Devoicing of final consonants

 * Most people do not distinguish between voiced and voiceless word-final stops due to the influence of Cantonese, making bat and bad homonyms.

Sh

 * Some do not distinguish and ; in Cantonese these sounds are allophonic. This new condition does not appear on nearly all the younger, or even the middle-aged Hongkongers.

Tr

 * Corruption of to  often occurs, chain and train are pronounced both, but some speakers pronounce the word train as [t͡sʰwe̝ŋ].

R

 * Like many places in Britain, Hong Kong English is non-rhotic, which means is not pronounced except before a vowel. However, with the influence of American programmes shown in TV, young people in Hong Kong have started to pronounce the  sound as in General American English.
 * Some people pronounce as, except when followed by a consonant other than g or k; rain sounds like wing, and free like fee.
 * Some people pronounce as  before rounded vowels ; road sounds like low, room like loom etc.

Wh

 * "Wh" is pronounced as, as in English English and most American dialects (not as in Scottish English and some American dialects).

V

 * Many Chinese people cannot pronounce as native English speakers do because the  sound has no equivalent in Cantonese, Mandarin, and many other Chinese varieties; but, in the case of other Chinese varieties, such as Wu and Hakka, there is an equivalent of the  sound; hence, speakers of those varieties have little difficulty pronouncing this sound. Some people read  as . (e.g. "Vector" and "Aston Villa"; "Vince" is read as "Whince"; Louis Vuitton, sounding unfamiliar to Chinese, is universally referred to as "LV", pronounced "E'llo-Wee")
 * Other becomes  or  mostly with a consensus yet no obvious pattern (e.g.  in "favour", second  in "Volvo" and either  or  in "develop", depending on the speaker).

N

 * Often is changed to . Many people in Hong Kong, particularly the younger generation, mix up the  and  sounds in English because there is a general trend of merging of  into  in Hong Kong Cantonese. In Cantonese the original correct pronunciation of, for example, 女 (Jyutping neoi5) meaning lady/female/woman is, but is almost always pronounced  in modern Hong Kong usage. Also, the correct pronunciation of 你 (you) is , but most people pronounce  in Hong Kong.)
 * Nasals in English are stronger than in Cantonese.
 * l-vocalisation is common: final "dark" l, *, is often realised as, as in Polish, Bulgarian, Russian and Brazilian Portuguese, e.g. "bell" becomes , and "milk" becomes . This is sometimes strengthened and becomes like  (e.g. sale becomes ).

J/G

 * is commonly pronounced as . It is less noticeable as there is no contrast in the initial position between and  in both Cantonese and English. Many people also merge the sound  with, they pronounce both.


 * A speaker of Hong Kong English differentiates the pronunciations of the words affect and effect, often emphasising the vowel, pronouncing affect as and effect as  (or even ).


 * Most people realise as ; "letter" is pronounced, "locker" is pronounced  etc.


 * The sound is realised as ; "sir" is pronounced, "hurt" is pronounced  etc.


 * Merging with ; "man" and "men", "mass" and "mess", "guess" and "gas" are pronounced as the same way (with the [ɛ] sound).


 * Confusing with ; "seat" and "sit" are pronounced both . In contrast, big is pronounced as . This is because in Cantonese, the checked tones t̚ k̚ p̚ have only one vowel assigned to them that is approximate to i or ɪ (it̚, ɪk̚, and ip̚).


 * Merging with ; "foot" and "food" are pronounced both.

Z

 * The letter "z" is generally pronounced, , or  derived from a British pronunciation  now considered archaic elsewhere; the usual pronunciations,  (used in UK and most of the Commonwealth nations) and  (used in USA), are not understood by some.

Intonation

 * Multi-syllable words are often differently stressed. For example, while the word "latte" is pronounced in most variants of the English language, it is usually pronounced  in Hong Kong English, with the second syllable stressed instead of the first.
 * Omission of entire "r-" syllables in longer words; "difference" becomes, and "temperature" becomes , "friends" becomes.
 * Words beginning with unstressed syllables "con" are generally pronounced its stressed form with a lower pitch, e.g. "connection", "consent", "condition". Words beginning with stressed syllable "com-" e.g. "competition", "common" and "compromise" are pronounced.
 * The schwa tends to be pronounced as in final closed syllables; "ticket" is pronounced, and "carpet" is pronounced.
 * The suffix -age is generally pronounced ; "message" is pronounced, "package" is pronounced etc.
 * Their is an additional syllable in certain words, for example, chocolate. The stress is most likely placed on the very first syllable of the word.
 * In this dialect the voiceless dental fricative is replaced.

Lack of double consonantal endings

 * Due to Cantonese phonology, many Hong Kongers have difficulty pronouncing double consonant endings, except when the second element is fricative. e.g. "think" as "thing", "slamp" as "slem", "white" as "why", "send" and "sent" as "sen". "Sense" is unaffected.
 * Finals like are reduced to.

Lack of structure of diphthong+consonant

 * In Cantonese, there is no structure of diphthong+consonant. As a result, becomes,  becomes ,  becomes ,  becomes ,  becomes ,  becomes ,  becomes ,  becomes  etc.
 * For the case, or , the ending consonant is generally omitted, resulting in.

Grammar

 * Omitting articles like "the" and "a".
 * Contractions such as "aren't" are almost never used, even in conversations, as English in Hong Kong is used largely for formal writing.
 * Confusion with verb tenses and agreement of singular or plural nouns, as they have no direct equivalents in Chinese grammar (Mandarin and Cantonese). Or because that verb tenses are expressed using a preposition or exclamation words at the end of the sentence.
 * Use of prepositions: "on", "in" and "at" are often interchangeable. Prepositions are also sometimes omitted after transitive verbs.  For example: "I will wait you at my flat," instead of "I will wait for you at my flat."
 * Over the phone, "This is [John]" becomes "I am [John]", a direct translation.
 * Yes/No confusion: In Cantonese, "yes" represents an agreement, "no" represents a disagreement, whilst in English "yes" represents a positive answer, "no" represents a negative answer. For example: "She isn't pretty, is she?" might attract the answer "No" when the native Cantonese speaker means "I disagree, in my opinion she is pretty".
 * "There is/are" becomes "there has/have", a direct translation.
 * Plural forms: there are no plural forms in Chinese, so plural and singular forms tend to be confused. The exclamation "Congratulation!" is often heard during expressions of joy for one's achievements.
 * "Actually" (also "In fact") is used much more frequently in Hong Kong English than in standard English. The Cantonese equivalent, 其實 ("keih sat"), is used more frequently than "actually" is used in standard English.
 * Using "lend" and "borrow" interchangeably. e.g. "I will borrow you my car" (real meaning: "I will lend you my car"). In Chinese, the word 借 is commonly used for both meanings.
 * Using "rent" and "let" interchangeably.
 * Omitting -ed and -ing. e.g. "He is charm.", "I feel touch." (real meaning: "He is charming.", "I feel touched.")
 * Using -ed and -ing interchangeably, e.g. "bored" and "boring". e.g. "I am so boring!" (real meaning: "I am so bored!"). In Chinese, the word 無聊 is commonly used for both meanings.
 * Using "win" instead of "beat". e.g. "I win you in the race!" (real meaning: "I beat you in the race!"). In Chinese, the word 贏 is commonly used for both meanings.
 * Using "hear" instead of "listen". e.g. "I hear the radio" (real meaning: "I listen to the radio"). In Chinese, the word 聽 is commonly used for both meanings.


 * Syllables are different in Hong Kong English than other varieties of English.

Respond to peer editor:

One advice I will implemented is rearrange some of the sections to flow better and clarifying the background a little more. I also consider dividing them so that the reader can better understand the information given.