User:Darer101/sandbox

= Bir Tawil Coptic = Bir Tawil Coptic, also known as Bir Tawil, Modern Coptic or simply Coptic, is a modern form of the Coptic language. Widely considered a mixed language, it arose during the settlement of Bir Tawil and has elements from Egyptian, Sudanese and Yemeni Arabic. Written in the Cyrillic script following the 2033 orthography reform, Bir Tawil has been the lingua franca of the Bir Tawils and was codified as an official language after the Bir Tawil Revolution of 2039.

History
During the settlement of Bir Tawil, thousands of Oriental Orthodox migrants and refugees from across the Arab world arrived in Bir Tawil. Bir Tawil Coptic was very involved with the early Bir Tawil political landscape and was a contentious issue. Other settler interest groups were against the state promotion of the extinct Coptic language while the Christian-majority Bir Tawil Front and the Qym Forces fervently defended this policy.

Following Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi's seizure of power in 2032, Arabic was made the official language and Coptic was condemned; however, Coptic elements remained in use in day-to-day conversation. After the 2039 Revolution, these elements enjoyed a legal gradual re-admittance into the Bir Tawil lingua franca, with Bir Tawil being codified as one of the two official languages in Bir Tawil, other than Arabic.

Example text
Кен 'вран 'мвиьт

нем 'Пщирi

нем Пi'пнеума эъоуаб

оуноут 'ноуьт. Амин.

(The Lord's Prayer)

= Bir Tawil invasion of Sudan = The Bir Tawil invasion of Sudan, also known as the Five-Day War, was an invasion of Sudan by the Union of Bir Tawil. It ended with the defeat of Sudan under Dagalo and the annexation of several Sudanese regions by Bir Tawil. The invasion ended the multi-front armed conflict that year known as the Sudan War. The invasion paved way for Chadian, South Sudanese, Bir Tawil and Egyptian dominance in the region.

Background
Tensions between Bir Tawil and Sudan had been high since the 2039 Bir Tawil Revolution which deposed the pro-Sudanese leader of Bir Tawil, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi. Post-revolution, Bir Tawil had followed a vigorous policy of realignment with the West and the United States. In accordance with the Coalition's Dendera conference of December 2040, Chad had ramped up attacks and cross-border raids in the Darfur region and South Sudan commenced the militarization of the numerous disputed territories with Sudan.

In a sting operation in Abu Hamad known to Bir Tawil leadership as Operation Nineveh, the General Intelligence service of Sudan raided the Bir Tawil-owned Abu Hamad lock on 25 January, which supplied Bir Tawil with water through Wadi Tawil. Bir Tawil leadership used the seizure as justification to deploy the Bir Tawil National Guard. Samir Hadid, the Marshal of the Army of Bir Tawil, organized a rally in the Gabgabah stadium on the 1st of February calling for the "finalization of the Revolution"."By any and all means necessary, Bir Tawil will be made fearsome and fearless. In the south, north, east, west, from the Red Sea to the Nile, a Tawilean should be able to be proud to say that he is a Tawilean. We must finalize the revolution by pacifying the oppressors that strangle us, that smother the national flame."

- Fatima Hawara Muhammad

Moments later, the Bir Tawil Army struck Sudanese forces in Abu Hamad, beginning the invasion of Sudan.

Bir Tawil offensive
The military strategy of Bir Tawil consisted of consolidating divisions and taking one city at a time. Divisions were positioned on hills on the right bank of the Nile, sending waves of shock troops into cities. Upon retaliation, elite troops supported by artillery would trap and destroy the enemy soldiers.

Battle of Merowe
Within 10 hours of the declaration of war, Bir Tawils had overrun the under-equipped and initially numerically inferior Sudanese forces in Abu Hamad. They arrived in Merowe by midnight 2 February where they engaged in a bombardment in the city, with artillery and reconnaissance critically provided by NATO countries and Egypt. By the end of the day, falling morale in Merowe caused the RSF in the city to surrender, allowing Bir Tawil to take highway A11 to Dongola without resistance, capturing the GNPC Oil Developement Pipeline (Ed Damer - Wadi Halfa).

Battle of Atbara
On 3 February, it was communicated that if Sudanese forces did not allow the Coalition to occupy all of Sudan, the Merowe dam would be blown up, potentially flooding cities in the Karima area and endangering the vast sites in and around Meroe. Sudanese forces promptly withdrew, but amidst the arrival of newly-mustered army divisions, Dagalo, the leader of Sudan, decided to make a stand in Atbara. Unknown to the Sudanese, Special Forces of the Army of Bir Tawil were already camped out on the road to Port Sudan and in Umm 'Ajajah, a town to the south which they had reached during the previous night via the non-secured Atbara south bridge. When Sudanese forces arrived from the north, they faced a surprise attack from the south and east, forcing them to cross the Nile river where many of them were killed. The remnants of the destroyed Sudanese division fled in disarray or surrendered by 3 February.

Battles of Haiya and Port Sudan
After the Battle of Atbara, Bir Tawils proceeded along the desert road to Port Sudan. However, Sudanese soldiers had been stationed secretly in Haiya, a town along the desert road. Immediately upon passing Haiya, the Sudanese soldiers ambushed and decimated the convoy of several regiments. This severely weakened Bir Tawil control of the Red Sea province, which had completely collapsed by 4 February.

After considering withdrawal from Atbara, the decision was made to land Bir Tawil paratroopers in Port Sudan. Bir Tawil troops took advantage of the rail system of the city to set up positions around Port Sudan on the 5th. A false amphibious beach landing was executed, diverting the local guard and Army, which was weak in the region as they had mainly concentrated in Central Sudan to protect Khartoum. At 13:00 Bir Tawil special forces raided fortified buildings and secured road junctions before neutralizing the city's defense.

Sudanese withdrawal
The Sudanese ground forces then embarked on a short withdrawal to the Ed Damer - Agig line, which was reached by midnight 6th February. This line was maintained until the Treaty of Abu Simbel was signed later that day.

= Outline of the prelude to the Sudan War = Below is a topical outline of articles which are significantly or meaningfully related to the prelude to the Sudan War.

Bir Tawil

 * Union of Bir Tawil
 * Settlement of Bir Tawil
 * Bir Tawil water project
 * Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi
 * 2032 Bir Tawil coup
 * Bir Tawil Revolution
 * Foreign relations of Bir Tawil
 * Foreign relations of Bir Tawil

Sudan

 * 2023 Sudan conflict
 * Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
 * Hemedti
 * Rapid Support forces
 * War in Darfur
 * Sudanese Revolution
 * Foreign relations of Sudan
 * Halaib triangle
 * Abyei
 * Heglig
 * Jau, South Sudan
 * Kafia Kingi

= Sudan War =

The Sudan War was an armed conflict between Sudan and the 4-country Dendera coalition. It began on December 12, 2040 and lasted until February 7, 2041. It was the culmination of the Bir Tawil Crisis, which was a period of high tensions between the revolutionary transitional government of Bir Tawil and Sudan marked by Sudanese strikes into Bir Tawil.

Background
In 2039, the pro-Sudanese government of Bir Tawil, led by Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi, was toppled in the Bir Tawil Revolution. Sudanese involvement against the Bir Tawil Revolution in support of the pro-Sudanese government was overt and aggressive. The president of Sudan, Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, pursued a policy of armed harassment of the Bir Tawil border and rocket strikes into Bir Tawil.

Rebel factions operating in the Darfur and Nuba Mountains had seen support by Chad, though not full inclusion in military planning or the Dendera coalition.

Bir Tawil military planning for a war with Sudan had begun sometime soon after the Bir Tawil Revolution. One of the primary goals of the revolutionary government was the assert presence in Northern Sudan and gain fertile lands. The Chadian government, which had had souring relations with Sudan, wished to stabilize the Darfur. South Sudan was looking to resolve the multiple territorial disputes with Sudan, as well as to gain the oilfields along the border region. Egypt also participated, seeking to legitimize their claims over the Hala'ib Triangle by occupying it.

Chadian and South Sudanese cross-border attacks
In December 2040, representatives from the four countries held a conference in Dendera Temple, Egypt. Over the course of a week, attack plans on Sudan had been finalized. On 24 December, Bir Tawil general Abdullah Salim Rejf struck an agreement with the U.S. Department of Defense and to provide military equipment to the Bir Tawil Ground Forces.

On December 29, 2040, South Sudan invaded the Abyei and Kafia Kingi and encountered resistance on approach to Abu Jubayhah and Kaduqli in South Kordofan. The South Sudanese strategy was to reach and secure the cities along Et-Talha (a tributary of the White Nile) in up to 1 week. However, by 4 January, only one city (Abyei) had been secured and protracted battles were still ongoing in South Kordofan. On January 1, 2041, Chad announced an escalation of intervention in the Darfur region, the stated purpose being to provide humanitarian assistance. Later that day, the seizures of Geneina and Zalingei had been completed. Darfuri rebels had secured the road from El Fashir to Nyala by 8 January, and were in effective firing distance of En Nahud. Fearing encirclement, Sudanese forces retreated out of West Kordofan and East Darfur to El-Obeid.

Kaduqli was only overrun on 19 January, followed by Diling on 21 January. The Battle of Abu Jubayah was still ongoing but had reached a stalemate.

Throughout the conflict South Sudan pursued a "strangle and siphon" strategy in which they advanced along major oil pipelines to deprive Sudan of raw petroleum and fuel the offensive. This is believed to have amplified major inefficiencies in Sudanese strategy, which was already plagued by discoordination, fraudulence and poor communication.

Bir Tawil invasion of Sudan
Following the 25 January sting operation in Abu Hamad, the Union of Bir Tawil invaded Sudan on February 1. This permitted breakthroughs in the south, starting with the decisive battle of Kusti. This paved way for South Sudanese forces to reach the Et-Talha, virtually bloodlessly seizing Er-Rahad and Umm Ruwaba both by February 5.

The Egyptian Army entered Halaib on February 2, occupying the whole of the Triangle the following day.

United Nations
UN Security Council Resolution 3011 condemned Sudan's strikes against Bir Tawil. Resolution 3013 condemned state-sanctioned Janjaweed raids into Chad.

Later, Resolution 3086, passed on January 3, 2041, condemned the Dendera Coalition's interference with Sudan's internal affairs, including the invasion of Sudan.

There was no UN-sanctioned military response to neither the Bir Tawil Crisis nor the Sudan War.

The UN supervised swelling refugee camps in Khartoum from January 21 to November 30, 2041.

NATO members
Although a coordinated NATO attack on Sudan was never considered, every member of the treaty organization except Albania and Turkey provided some form of lethal aid to Chad and Bir Tawil, including Javelins, Leopard, Challenger and T-84 Oplot tanks, aerial reconnaissance, attack drones, and a large variety of small arms.

African Union
The African Union suspended Chad on 16 January and Bir Tawil on 1 February. They both regained permanent membership in October 2041.

UN-AU peacekeeping force
On 15 February, the United Nations and the African Union established a temporary joint humanitarian and peacekeeping force in Darfur, Southern Sudan and Bir Tawil-annexed territories, as well as a disengagement observer force on the new southern border of Bir Tawil.

Aftermath
The Sudan War caused a large refugee crisis in which 1.2 million Sudanese were displaced. Smaller influxes of refugees also occured in Southern Italy and Greece.

The War officially ended on 7 February upon the signature of the Treaty of Abu Simbel, which came into effect the following day, upon which Northeastern Sudan was occupied by Bir Tawil, portions of the Darfur were occupied by Chad and South Sudan, Egypt occupied the Hala'ib Triangle and South Sudan occupied disputed territories as well as the Blue Nile state.

Economic downturn in Sudan, as well as discontent with the Abu Simbel Treaty, resulted in a military coup in Sudan in June 2041. The new junta scrapped the treaty and decreed large-scale general mobilization, but were unable to attack the Dendera coalition. As a result, a rebellion occurred in Khartoum, after which Sudan largely disintegrated into regional factions, and an offshoot of al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb started to initiate attacks across both the Coalition and Sudan. As a result, South Sudan withdrew from the Coalition and signed separate agreements with various Sudanese factions.

Economic effects in Bir Tawil
Bir Tawil's economy suffered a recession in 2041 as the war came to an end.

Dramatic political shifts in Bir Tawil were effected. Newly captured gold reserves meant that Bir Tawil could use proxies to profit off of Sudan's gold. An economic regrowth followed, ending upon the accession of Hamza Sharif to the presidency in 2044.

= Bir Tawil =

The Union of Bir Tawil is a sovereign state in North Africa.

The history of Bir Tawil, a country situated between Egypt and Sudan, spans ancient civilizations and modern politics. Nubia, including Bir Tawil, traces back to 3000 BC and was historically significant for ancient civilizations such as the Kushite city of Kerma and the enduring pyramids and temples at Meroe. In contemporary times, the region saw turbulence during the settlement of the Nubian interior and subsequent conflicts.

Bir Tawil's economy is developing, supported by key sectors like gold mining, Information Technology (IT), and a small tourism industry. The implementation of economic models aimed at development and closer ties with the West marked a significant economic shift. National parks such as the Nubian desert and the Ghel Bal National Park have contributed to the region's tourism growth. Meanwhile, the cultural heritage of Bir Tawil is exemplified by ancient sites like the Kushite city of Kerma and the architectural marvels of pyramids and temples at Meroe.

Colonial history
On 19 January 1899, an agreement between the United Kingdom and Egypt relating to the administration of Sudan defined "Soudan" as the "territories south of the 22nd parallel of latitude". It contained a provision that would give Egypt control of the Red Sea port of Suakin, but an amendment on 10 July 1899 gave Suakin to Sudan instead.

On 4 November 1902, the UK drew a separate "administrative boundary", intended to reflect the actual use of the land by the tribes in the region. Bir Tawil was grazing land used by the Ababda tribe based near Aswan, and thus was placed under Egyptian administration from Cairo. Similarly, the Hala'ib Triangle to the northeast was placed under the British governor of Sudan, because its inhabitants were culturally closer to Khartoum.

Post-colonial history
Egypt claimed the original border from 1899, the 22nd parallel, which placed the Hala'ib Triangle within Egypt and the Bir Tawil area within Sudan. Sudan, however, claimed the administrative border of 1902, which would put Hala'ib within Sudan, and Bir Tawil within Egypt. As a result, both states claimed Hala'ib and neither claimed the much less valuable Bir Tawil area, which is only a tenth the size, and had no permanent settlements or access to the sea. There was no basis in international law for either Sudan or Egypt to claim both territories, and neither nation was willing to cede Hala'ib. With no third state claiming the neglected area, Bir Tawil was one of the few land areas of the world not claimed by any recognised state.

In 2025, during the wave of anti-Christian violence in the Middle East, China and India, Egyptian Christian intellectuals met in the Cairo Conference to discuss a safe haven for religious minorities within the then-terra nullius of Bir Tawil. This culminated in the Bir Tawil movement, a movement which advocated for Bir Tawil to be settled and a state to be established there.

The Bir Tawil movement was fraught with division and received international condemnation. Native Ababda representatives as well as the coalition of Bedouins, Palestinians, Druze, Yazidi, Mandaeans and Baha'is noted underrepresentation in the movement.

By January 2027, the Bir Tawil National Fund, a public-interest group espousing Christian rule in Bir Tawil, had raised over $6.1 billion USD for the settlement effort. By 2028, just under 6,000 people had settled in Bir Tawil. Most (72.1%) settlers consisted of temporary workers employed by the Fund to construct the Great Bir Tawil Canal. Approximately 26.4% consisted of Egyptian Copts, while the remaining consisted of Christians of other ethnicities, including Sudanese and Yemeni Christians. By the end of the year, more than 15,000 people were living in Bir Tawil.

Evolution to statehood
The Bir Tawil Canal was privately owned by the National Fund-funded Bir Tawil Water. A large crop failure in 2028, which caused the displacement of 80% of the population, was blamed on BT Water. The Bir Tawil and Senate was set up as a temporary legislature during what would become known as the Canal Crisis.

The legislature voted for nationalization of the canal, and incorporation as the Ministry of Water. This ministry publicly funded the man-made deltification of the Great Bir Tawil Canal into the Tawil Lake.

The creation of the legislature, initially meant to be only temporary, prompted an overhaul of Bir Tawil's governance. As reported by Isobel Yeung in July 2028:

Indeed, Bir Tawil suffered from corruption in its early years, as well as preferential treatment in favour of the Christian majority. There was no established security force in the country, with most of Bir Tawil being controlled by ethnic vigilante gangs. After the African Dust Bowl of December 2028, the economy of the country took a sharp hit, adding to political tensions in the nation. This inspired the creation of the Bir Tawil National Confederation of Labour (BT-NCL) in 2029.

On the 19th of October 2029, a Coptic church in Tel Tawil was burned down overnight. Over the next week, the Levantine quarter of the city was the target of vigilantism culminating in the lynching of 14-year-old Saed Baruq on the 28th. In response to the violence, the BT-NCL voted for a general strike, hoping for the government to be pressured to intervene. Instead, the Senate voted to investigate the BT-NCL for "disturbances to the generally accepted order". This aroused more clashes around the city in which the Yazidi, Palestinian and Syrian neighborhoods were targeted. The riots culminated on the night of 12-13 February 2030 on which 95 injuries and 1 death were reported. The Senate voted to finally break the deadlock and intervene. On the midnight of the 1st of May, passed the Tanzimat Act, which mandated vigilante organizations as well as the BT-NCL's new political wing, the Arab Socialist Party, to be closed. This caused uproar, motivating each of the parties to accuse the other of influencing the government to order their shutdowns. This marked the beginning of the Summer of Hate, a period of intense, militant civil conflict that resulted in 19 deaths along with over 200 arrests, about 10% of the country's adult male population.

Gaddafi era
An outspoken Senate member, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi, ran for election in 2031 on the Arab Socialist ticket. Gaddafi won the election in a landslide amid the 2030-31 political crisis. He had styled his campaign as being a "peaceful revolution" to end the "squabbles and blindness" of the Senate.

Upon victory in the election, Gaddafi declared a state of emergency in Bir Tawil owing to the environmental disaster of 2030, alleged to be caused by the "kleptocratic" practices of the "Jesuit" elite. He ordered the army into the Senate building where they faced no opposition. Gaddafi shut down the National Fund through the PROVOCATEUR Act, realigned Bir Tawil with the Eastern bloc, and agreed to the Sino-Bir Tawil trade deal and the deployment of the Russian 3rd Army Corps in Bir Tawil. The PROVOCATEUR Act also targeted Coptic clergy; this was done under the pretext of eliminating Christian influence in national politics. Other parties, as well as factions within Bir Tawil Arab Socialism, were banned and the House of Regions was dissolved in a bloodless self-coup on 2 January 2032. This marked the beginning of the Bir Tawil Guerrilla War perpetrated by the "political resistance" - an alliance of banned parties under military officer.

The insurgency, which was concentrated in the majority Coptic regions of New Gebelein and Al-Andalus, carried out raids on army barracks and recieved intelligence aid from the SIS, GCHQ, CIA and Directorate-General for External Security. In March 2031, the majority-Christian village of Aboughalbi was massacred as retaliation for a bomb attack on the Senate Council. This drew widespread condemnation worldwide, with the UN Security Council breaking a historic deadlock over the conflict in Bir Tawil. Sanctions against Bir Tawil from 2031 and Egyptian missile strikes on military infrastructure from 2033 lasted until the Bir Tawil Revolution.

During the Guerrilla War, resistance forces experienced a rift between Nationalist and Social-Democratic elements. This culminated with the 2034 Al-Andalus attack, in which leftist commanders were alleged to have collaborated with the Arab government to bomb a secret meeting of the Nationalist forces.

Gaddafi wished to achieve Arab Socialism in Bir Tawil. His administration oversaw the augmentation and widening of the Great Tawiliean Canal, opening economic prospects in sub-Saharan Africa. The military was bolstered, becoming the third-largest African military, behind Egypt and Algeria. The population also tripled, reaching 67,000 by 2038. Languages other than Arabic were banned in all contexts and Coptic-language schools were closed down.

Bir Tawil Revolution
In Early 2039, the situation grew unstable in Bir Tawil as the insurgency had deteriorated and a vast array of opposition groups had orchestrated attacks on federal Bir Tawil buildings.

On 3 March 2039, a resistance flash mob was organized in New Gebelein. Later, the regional council building of Al-Andalus governorate in New Gebelein was stormed by resistance members. Then, they headed to Al-Andalus central penitentiary and organized a mass break-out. The same scene transpired the following hour in all other governorates except Tel Tawil, where Emergency Response Forces (ERFs) were called to patrol "every street, alley and block". Riots raged around Bir Tawil for days.

The General Ground Forces of Bir Tawil as well as 2 legions of the Sudanese army were mobilized to fight the situation. The Bir Tawil army saw no combat as they collapsed in disorder due to large-scale mutinies. After a councillor for Sakhra, Massa Yousef bin Alghawaby, was killed by a grenade, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi fled Tel Tawil. By 7 March, he was reported to have left the country entirely. Shortly after, the Sudanese Special Legions withdrew to Sudan.

Transitional government of Bir Tawil
During the period following the establishment of “revolutionary police stations” across Bir Tawil, the enforcement by the “public safety corps” intensified, focusing on thwarting any attempts at counter-coups.

Under the provisional government's authority, the inception of the Popular Court occurred, serving as a judicial body to prosecute individuals accused of engaging in “socialist activities” or labeled as reactionaries. Until the conflict with Sudan erupted, the provisional government maintained control over Bir Tawil. By 2040, constitutional reforms were underway during the implementation of the Bir Tawil Transition to Democracy. This transformative period involved the proposed division of the country into tajamweh and the Special Economic Zone (SEZ).

Ibrahim's administration sought closer ties with Western nations, initially encountering domestic discontent. However, market downturns in 2040 led to an economic crisis, commonly referred to as the "xse'runy sny" (хсе'руни щни; hard times). Concerns over a potential resurgence of a Gaddafist administration prompted Ibrahim to incorporate the Special Economic Zone into Tel Tawil as a distinct tajamweh (later nullified upon national reorganization under the governorate system). Additionally, programs addressing women, impoverished segments, diverse minority groups, environmental initiatives, and the renationalization of previously outsourced industries bolstered legitimacy for the new government.

During the period between 2041 and 2050 in Bir Tawil, under 's leadership following the Treaty of Abu Simbel, 's presidency pursued the Transition to Democracy in 2043.

Economically, Bir Tawil witnessed growth, exemplified by an increase in GDP per capita, reaching an estimated $22,970 USD by 2044.

2044-present
The accession of Hamza Sharif in 2044 saw the launch of the Bir Tawil Development Initiative in 2045, aiming to fortify infrastructure and attract foreign investments. By 2048, this initiative led to a remarkable influx of foreign direct investment, totaling a record high of $5.7 billion USD, showcasing growing confidence in Bir Tawil's economic prospects. The implementation of the gold standard in Tel Tawil in 2046 brought about a commendable 30% surge in agricultural output within two years, benefiting local farmers and contributing significantly to poverty alleviation efforts. Simultaneously, advancements in the Information Technology sector soared with the establishment of the National Innovation Fund in 2047. This initiative spurred a 220% growth in the IT industry, providing substantial employment opportunities, particularly for the burgeoning youth population. Bir Tawil's tourism sector flourished during Ibrahim's tenure, experiencing substantial growth and attracting a considerable influx of international visitors. By 2049, tourism revenue surged to a record-breaking $3.2 billion USD.

Despite overall economic growth, rural tajamweh fares poorly. As of 2050, the tajamweh have an HDI (Human Development Index) of 0.610 while the SEZ reportedly has an HDI of 0.837 and growing.

Demographics
According to the 2045 census Bir Tawil had a population of 1,880,000. Men outnumber women in a ratio of about 1.05:1. 45% of the population is urban, 40% are rural and 15% are pastoralists, mainly concentrated in the Eastern District.

Bir Tawil's largest ethnic groups are Arabs (including Copts and Druze) and Nubians. Precise figures are unknown as the census does not include ethnic data. A community of Asians, mostly from Bangladesh and Thailand, are concentrated in Tel Tawil and make up about one-fifth of the city's population. The indigenous Ababda people live mostly in the Eastern District, where they make up over half the population.

Languages
The official languages of Bir Tawil are Arabic and Coptic. The lingua franca of the country is Bir Tawil Pidgin, an Arabic-based creole language. There is also a sizeable community of Beja language speakers in Bir Tawil who number about 20,000 to 30,000.

Religion
Bir Tawil is officially a secular state. The largest religion in the country is Sunni Islam (49%), closely followed by Christians (48%) who are predominantly members of the Oriental Orthodox Churches although a significant Catholic minority exists. The remaining 3% are Mandaeans, Druze and Yazidis.

Politics
Bir Tawil is led by a President elected through the Electoral College. The president is the Commander-in-chief of the Bir Tawil Armed Forces and the Bir Tawil Gendarmerie, and is in charge of enforcing and reviewing legislation, which originates from the Electoral College.

Elections are held every five years locally using a Mixed electoral system scheme. The Economist Democracy Index ranks Bir Tawil 90th out of 168 nations and 3rd in Africa in terms of political freedoms.

Health
As of 2045 the life expectancy of Bir Tawil is 72 years for men and 77 years for women. There is a low to moderate prevalence of venereal disease; contraceptive use was reported to be 34.6% per Doctors without Borders. The largest age group are adults aged 18-35.

Infant mortality is 12.6 per 1,000 as of 2045. There are 145 accredited hospitals across the country. Human rights experts have noted that access to healthcare in indigenous-majority districts (North and Eastern) is much more difficult to obtain than in the rest of the country.

Education
The literacy rate for Bir Tawil adults above the age of 18 is estimated to be 77% per UNESCO. As of 2045 primary school enrollment is 99%, among the highest in the region. There are two major universities in the country: Atbara University in Atbara and Red Sea University in Port Sudan.

Transport
Bir Tawil has over 1,000 km of narrow-gauge railway. The Wadi Halfa terminus connects Bir Tawil to Egypt and the Atbara station serves as entry to Sudan. There are two international airports: Tel Tawil International Airport and Port Sudan New International Airport.