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Linguistics Wars
Summary of the article “Chomsky's Forever War”.

(Pullum, 2022) commented on The Linguistics Wars which are long debates in the linguistics mentioned in The linguistics wars by Randy Allan Harris. The article talked about these warring parties in details of the disagreement reasons and the fall-out and tactics employed by one party to win. Chomsky proposed the Deep Structure as a description of language acquisition, which relied heavily on meaning as the infrastructure of language. His opponents argued for a more abstract level of structure, which is syntactic relations, known later as Generative Semantics. Chomsky did not agree and proceeded to dismantle his opposing views regularly in order to silence and ostracize them from the mainstream linguistics. Pullum also, criticizes Chomsky’s tactics for not crediting the influences and inspirations of his work and simply shifting directions as soon as other ideas started to gain some traction. Chomsky started the Minimalist Program after his unannounced abandonment of Deep Structures. His new program reflected some possible influences from the Generative semantics, which he completely rejected in the 70s. Pullum, raises skepticism about the fame Chomsky gained in the media sphere, suggesting that most of what is being told about Chomsky is either misinformed or simply not true. Yet his actions and were impactful, so much so that it ruptured the linguistics community.

According to (Nordquist, 2019)  “…deep structure … is the underlying syntactic structure—or level—of a sentence.”

Chomsky adopts more of innate modal of language acquisition, in which he claims that experience and exposure has little to do with children learning language at an early stage of development. This is an indication that Chomsky aligns himself with rationalism. However, he then diverges from the traditional rationalist view by acknowledging that the supposed innateness of languages is a product of evolution or what he called mutation and by extension somewhat of empiricism. This could be understood as learning through experience, the opposite of what he is advocating for in the nativeness camp. But then again he distinguishes his proposition by highlighting that experience is genomically transmitted not neuronally with the implication that children acquire knowledge of language structures through generation of evolution not exposure.

Practicing citation
“But no one was content (well, maybe Katz). Postal expressed his unwillingness to stay put by digging deeper and deeper under the surface, working in a direction which rapidly came to be known as Abstract Syntax, and several other linguists joined this project—most notably Robin and George Lakoff, John Robert (Haj) Ross, and James (Jim) D. McCawley. Together they pushed syntax deeper and deeper yet, until—to the extent that semantics had substance at the time—their Deep Structures became virtually indistinguishable from semantic representation”

“Unquestionably, the Interpretive Semanticists believed they had shown that the Generative Semantics program was misguided and bound to fail, because the foundational propositions on which it rested led to unwanted conclusions.”

“Those familiar with Bloomfield ’ s work will easily notice that Chomskyan ‘ autonomous linguistics ’ has much more in common with Bloomfield ’ s linguistic theory and practice than with Sapir ’ s — quite in contrast to the official stance within Generative Grammar according to which Bloomfield has been dismissed as a ‘ taxonomist ’ and Sapir praised as a ‘ mentalist ’”.

"In his famous review of Skinner's book, Chomsky (1959) effectively demolishes Skinner's theories of both language mastery and language learning. First, Chomsky argued, mastery of a language is not merely a matter of having one's verbal behaviors ‘controlled’ by various elements of the environment, including others' utterances.”

" Chomsky’s research program, which has grown to involve the work of many other linguists, is closely associated with generative linguistics. This name refers to the project of identifying sets of rules—grammars—that will generate all and only the sentences of a language. Although explicit rules eventually drop out of the picture, replaced by more abstract “principles”, the goal remains to identify a system that can produce the potentially infinite number of sentences of a human language using the resources contained in the minds of a speaker, which are necessarily finite."

Historical background
Chomsky introduced his first monumental work, Syntactic Structure in 1956, which was a departure from earlier linguistics, structural linguistics, which was championed by Leonard Bloomfield (1887-1949). The Bloomfieldian approach to language occupied the linguistics landscape between the 1930s and 1950s. Chomsky criticized the Bloomfieldian approach, describing them as “Taxonomist linguistic, mere collectors and catalogers of language”. In the Bloomfieldian school of linguistics, the linguistics analysis prioritized phonological and morphological elements of mainly spoken language. However, this approach was not popular with many as it depended on small units -sounds- and did not deal with larger structures such as sentences; it failed to look underneath language. However, Chomsky's theory about language was influenced by earlier works of his mentors - Harris Zellig and Nelson Goodman - was characterized by the notion of generative formalism; he saw languages as a constructional system, this is in line with his philosophy about rationalism and innateness of languages, that humans somehow are endowed with this ability to process languages. . This approach eventually sidelined the previous paradigm of the Bloomfieldians with the advent of Syntactic Structure, which detailed Chomsky’s notions of Transformational generative grammar of Syntactic Structure (sets of rules that could mathematically generate sentences.). In Syntactic Structure, Chomsky posited that languages have a set of rules that govern them; syntactic, phonological, and morphological components. He posited that semantic components created the deeper structure whereas phonological holds the surface structure of a stretch of linguistic items, leaving the problem of the placement of ‘meaning’ in linguistic analysis unanswered.

Chomsky introduced Aspects of the Theory of Syntax in 1965, in which, he introduced new linguistic terms such as competence and linguistics performance, influenced by Suassure’s langue/parole, native knowledge of language, and actual use of language, respectively. Previous scholars, namely Louis Hjelmslev (1899-1965) have argued that ‘parole’ (i.e. the actual use) is observable and is considered the arrangement of speech whereas ‘langue’ is the systems that underpin grammatical categories, lexicon, and the rules of linguistic combinations in the actual speech. Another innovation of Chomsky is the Deep Structure and Surface Structure which contains a ‘base component’ in which lies some semantic considerations. The issue of ‘meaning’ was addressed in Chomsky’s Aspects of the Theory of Syntax 1965 in which he endorses some of his colleagues’ theories, namely the Katz - Postal Hypothesis. This hypothesis posits that transformations do not affecting meaning and therefore “semantically transparent” as they termed them. This attempt was to introduce semantics ‘meaning’ in the syntactic paradigm. This attempt then opened the door for more investigation of the mediational approach in which meaning is considered in the linguistic query as opposed to distributional analysis of morphemes -syntax. This created a climate of mediational perspective of language that has given birth to Generative Semantics.

Answers to Module 7 Questions
Description of the media:

It is an image of a diagram illustrating the initial key differences in the linguistic conceptual paradigm that led to the development of the so-called Linguistics Wars in the 60s-70s. This eventual sparked new different school of thoughts in Linguistics.

Q1/Is it your own work?

I believe the diagram to be my work, as I drew it from scratch, according to my own understanding, as a representation of two competing linguistic models as I understood them.

Q2/What is the file format?

The format of the file is JPEG (image)

Q3/What license have you chosen?

Public domain

Q4/What category/gallery will you add it to?

Syntactic Transformation; Generative linguistics.

Q5/How will you describe the file?

Initial Generative Semantics paradigm vs. Chomsky's Aspect paradigm. The very first signs of disagreement.