User:Dauletaruzhan01/Aisha-Bibi (mausoleum)

Aisha-Bibi ( kaz. Aisha Bibi) — mausoleum of the XII century, located in the village of Aisha Bibi Zhambyl district of Zhambyl region, 18 km from the city of Taraz. It is an architectural monument of national importance.

The base of the mausoleum is cubic. Massive columns are placed at its four corners. Small niches, small columns, vaults, Lancet arches, terracotta tiles were used in the design. The patterns of the mausoleum combine traditional kinds of ornamental art of ancient tribes of Kazakhstan, including geometric, zoomorphic and solar motifs rooted in the art of Andronovo and Saka tribes.

Legends
There is no reliable information about the construction of the mausoleum. However there is the Kazakh legend about love of Aisha Bibi to her bridegroom. There are 28 different versions of this legend. According to the most common — Aisha Bibi was the daughter of the famous scientist and poet of the XI century Hakim Suleiman Bakyrgani. After his death she was brought up by Sheikh Ahogy. Once the ruler of Taraz Karakhan Muhammad (in honor of whom the mausoleum of Karakhan in Taraz was built) asked her hand, but her teacher did not agree. Then she fraudulently went to Taraz. Unfortunately, her fiancé was never able to see her again, as she died on the banks of the river Asa from the bite of a snake hidden in her headdress. Mourning the death of the girl, Karahan erected a mausoleum of fabulous beauty at the place of her death. Companion Aisha-Bibi Babaji-Khatun became the guardian of the mausoleum and after her death was buried 20 steps from Aisha-Bibi in the mausoleum of Babaji-Khatun.

According to another version, feeling the effect of snake venom, Aisha ordered to immediately convey the news about this to Karakhan. He did not hesitate to come to her with his physicians and mullahs. Seeing the powerlessness of the healers, Karahan asked the Mullah to perform the wedding ceremony with the dying bride. After the ceremony, taking the girl's hand, three times he shouted to her: "Aisha, you have now become Bibi", that is, his wife, married

Joseph-Antoine Castanier wrote down the legend that one of the Samarkand khans was married to a Christian Chinese Princess, identifying her with the name of Khanim-Bibi, whose sister Aisha-Bibi came to visit her in Samarkand. On the way back Aisha-Bibi died near the river Asa, where a real monument was built."

According to Bayan Tuyakbaeva: "Interesting are reports of the death in 1034, year daughter of the ruler of Talas Bogra Khan, who died in the road on the way to Gasno to her fiance Maududi the successor of Masud. This story is consistent with the local legend, which tells about the burial here of a lady named Aisha-Bibi, who went with a maid to her fiancé in a distant land and died on the way."

Research
The first researcher of the mausoleum in 1893 was Russian archaeologist Vasily Bartold, the mausoleum was then investigated in 1897 by Vasily Kallaur, in 1938-1939 — expedition of the Institute of history and culture of the Kazakh branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (head Alexander Bernshtam), in 1953 — expedition of the Academy Of Sciences of Kazakhstan. In 1953 and 1962 G. I. Patsevich and I. Zyabko conducted archaeological excavations on the monument, the researchers concluded that the decorative slabs and bricks were made by the builders of the mausoleum on the spot.

In 1960, a protective glass cover was built to protect the mausoleum, and it was used for educational and tourist purposes.

Only the wall of the Western facade and small fragments of other parts of the mausoleum have survived to our time. In 2002 for the restoration of the monument of architecture and construction of the Park around him was hired Nishan Ramato, in 2002-2005 the experts of RSE "kazrestavratsiya" were carried out restoration work to restore the original appearance of the monument

Architecture
The mausoleum represents in its plan a centric, square structure measuring 7.6×7.6 m. the Entrance is located on the East side. The corners of the mausoleum were decorated with three-quarter columns. In the center of the building there is a tombstone (3 x 1.4 m). The walls of the mausoleum with a thickness of 80 cm consist of three parts: the inner — lined with burnt bricks, the outer — of plates with a carved pattern, as well as the space in the middle of the wall, zabutovannogo clay and fragments of defective tiles. The walls are lined with wooden beams of Archa for a strong connection of walls and columns.

Outside the walls of the mausoleum are fully decorated with carved terracotta tiles, reinforced with wedges located on the back side. In the ornamentation of tiles there are more than 60 varieties of patterns. This is the only architectural monument in Kazakhstan, which is completely lined with carved terracotta tiles. According to the description of archaeologist Taisia Sinigual ornamental motifs can be divided into several parts. The lower part of the monument to the base of the arch is decorated with rectangles, in the center of which there is an ornament of radially diverging on four sides ornaments in the form of "Koshkar muyiz" (stylized RAM's horns). The upper part of the mausoleum is decorated with patterns in the form of diamonds, United in hexagonal stars, floral ornament.

Available on the sides of the half-columns in the upper part are made in the form of a vase. The corner columns are slightly narrowed upwards, where they are decorated with a belt of tiles with a floral ornament and end with a bell. On the 18th row of masonry (at a height of 3.4 m) of Western columns there are belts with inscriptions made in the Kufic style of Arabic writing. Preserved words, translated meaning: "Autumn... Clouds... the Earth is beautiful...".

The Eastern facade is in line with the Eastern facade of the Babaji-Khatun mausoleum