User:DavRosen/sandbox

'''This is my sandbox. I experiment with things here so don't take any of it seriously. Feel free to leave me a message on my talk page.'''

Test citation.

Links for my own use:
 * User:DavRosen/common.css
 * User:DavRosen/common.js
 * User:DavRosen/commonAnylang.js

Mass (provide citation)
The incorrect popular idea that mass may be converted to (massless) energy in relativity is because some matter particles may in some cases be converted to types of energy which are not matter (such as light, kinetic energy, and the potential energy in magnetic, electric, and other fields). However, this confuses "matter" (a non-conserved and ill-defined thing) with mass (which is well-defined and is conserved). Even if not considered "matter," all types of energy still continue to exhibit mass in relativity.

work (physics)
wording per commment of dolphin

Heat & energy transfer scraps
In physics and chemistry, especially in thermodynamics, heat refers to a process of transfer of energy between a system and its surroundings other than by work or transfer of matter. It is measured as the quantity of energy that the process transferred. Familiar examples involve the spontaneous transfer of energy as heat from a body at a higher temperature to an adjacent one one at a lower temperature, often narrowing their temperature difference. The transfer can occur by the mechanisms of conduction, radiation, and convective circulation.

Heat processes increase the total entropy of system and surroundings and reduce the amount of their energy that's available for them to do work. Transfers as heat are possible even in some cases where the temperatures are not well defined.

Kinetic theory explains transfers of energy as heat as macroscopic manifestations of the motions and interactions of microscopic constituents such as molecules and photons.

Many useful devices involve energy transfers as both heat and work; familiar examples include combustion engines, which provide some energy as work while transferring the rest as heat to the surroundings, and refrigerators.

The quantity of energy transferred as heat is a scalar measured in energy units such as the the joule (J) (SI), but with a sign indicating the direction of transfer, customarily positive when a transfer adds to the energy of a system. It can be measured by calorimetry, or determined by calculations based on other quantities, relying on the first law of thermodynamics. In calorimetry, latent heat changes a system's state without temperature change, while sensible heat changes only its temperature.




 * Gyftopoulos, E. P., & Beretta, G. P. (1991). Thermodynamics: foundations and applications. (Dover Publications)
 * Hatsopoulos, G. N., & Keenan, J. H. (1981). Principles of general thermodynamics. RE Krieger Publishing Company.
 * Hatsopoulos, G. N., & Keenan, J. H. (1981). Principles of general thermodynamics. RE Krieger Publishing Company.

I agree with SBHarris that, when referring to the process (or mechanism) itself, using the word "heating" is clearer because it can't be a noun, whereas "heat" can be either a verb or a noun, but I don't want to get distracted by a possibly-controversial issue of whether or when to replace "heat" by "heating" in the article itself; I believe we have more basic issues to resolve first.

Can we agree that there are several things that some might call "heat", the only question being what we should call each of them (whether in this article or elsewhere)? In each case I'll describe it both an abstract (category/class) form and a concrete (particular/given instance occurring) form, but let's not argue about which of these is more relevant (unless we're forced to).
 * 1) a process/mechanism/mode/stream of a certain category/kind/type, or a given instance or occurrence of such a process occurring in a particular situation. One example of such is when two bodies of different temperatures are in some thermal contact with one another  for some amount of time.  The process affects both the energy and entropy of the systems.
 * 2) energy transferred by a process of that kind, or the particular energy that is/was transferred in a particular instance of such a process that occurs/occurred.
 * 3) Q = a physical variable representing the amount of such energy transferred by/in that process; or the value of that variable in a particular situation defined by the given systems and process occurring.



In physics and chemistry, especially in thermodynamics, heat is energy in transfer between a system and its surroundings by processes other than work or transfer of matter. Heat is directional: as well as the amount of heat, it is necessary to specify whether the transfer is in or out of a particular system. The transfer can occur in two simple ways, conduction, and radiation, and in a more complicated way called convective circulation. Heat is not a property or component or constituent of a body itself. Heat refers only to a type of energy transfer process, wherein the body's internal energy either increases while the energy of the surroundings decrease by the same amount, or vice-versa.

It may happen that the surroundings of a system can be described also as a second thermodynamic system that has its own definite temperature. In this special circumstance, if the two systems are connected by a pathway for heat transfer, then, according to the second law of thermodynamics, heat flow occurs spontaneously from the hotter to the colder system. Consequently, in this circumstance, heat is transfer of energy due purely to temperature gradient or difference. It is accompanied by an increase in the total entropy of system and surroundings.

Transfers of energy as heat are macroscopic processes. Kinetic theory explains them as the microscopic motions and interactions of microscopic constituents such as molecules and photons. It explains heat flow as occurring when the more rapidly moving or strongly excited molecules in a high-temperature body transfer some of their energy, other than by work or bulk transfer of matter, to the less energized molecules in a lower temperature body. Thus heat flow is said to be a diffusive transfer of internal energy, driven purely by temperature difference, as distinct from a transport by bulk flow.

There are many useful devices that operate so as to harness energy through transfers as heat. Heat engines and heat pumps are examples.

The SI unit of heat is the joule. Heat can be measured by calorimetry, or determined by calculations based on other quantities, relying on the first law of thermodynamics. In calorimetry, the concepts of latent heat and of sensible heat are used. Latent heat produces changes of state without temperature change, while sensible heat produces temperature change without change of state.

Converting color to grayscale
Conversion of a color image to grayscale is not unique; different weighting of the color channels effectively represent the effect of shooting black-and-white film with different-colored photographic filters on the cameras.

Colorimetric (luminance-perserving) conversion of color to grayscale
A common strategy is to use the principles of colorimetry to match the luminance of the grayscale image to the luminance of the color image. This means both images will have the same absolute luminance, as can be measured in its SI units of candelas, at each position on the image, given equal whitepoints. Having matching luminance also provides matching perceptual lightness measures, such as $L^{*}$ (as in the 1976 CIE Lab color space) which is determined by the luminance $Y$ (as in the CIE 1931 XYZ color space).

To convert any color to a grayscale representation of its luminance, first one must obtain the values of its red, green, and blue (RGB) primaries in linear intensity encoding (linearly related to luminance). For the sRGB color space, gamma expansion is defined as


 * $$C_\mathrm{linear}=

\begin{cases}\frac{C_\mathrm{srgb}}{12.92}, & C_\mathrm{srgb}\le0.04045\\ \left(\frac{C_\mathrm{srgb}+0.055}{1.055}\right)^{2.4}, & C_\mathrm{srgb}>0.04045 \end{cases} $$

where $C_{srgb}$ represents any of the three gamma-compressed sRGB primaries ($R_{srgb}$, $G_{srgb}$, and $B_{srgb}$, each in range [0,1]) and $C_{linear}$ is the corresponding linear-intensity value ($R$, $G$, and $B$, also in range [0,1]). Then, luminance is calculated as a weighted sum of the three linear-intensity values. The sRGB color space uses the ITU-R BT.709 primaries and is defined in terms of the the CIE 1931 linear luminance $Y$, which is given by


 * $$Y = 0.2126 R + 0.7152 G + 0.0722 B$$.

The coefficients are intended to represent the measured color perception of typical trichromat humans; in particular, human vision is most sensitive to green and least sensitive to blue. To encode grayscale intensity in linear RGB, each of the three primaries can be set to equal the calculated linear luminance $Y$ (replacing R,G,B by Y,Y,Y to get this linear grayscale). Linear luminance typically needs to be gamma compressed to get back to a conventional non-linear representation. For sRGB, each of its three primaries is then set to the same gamma-compressed $Y'$, given by the inverse of the gamma expansion above as


 * $$Y_\mathrm{srgb}=\begin{cases}

12.92\ Y, & Y \le 0.0031308\\ 1.055\ Y^{1/2.4}-0.055, & Y > 0.0031308. \end{cases} $$

In practice, because the three sRGB components are then equal, it is only necessary to store these values once in sRGB-compatible image formats that support a single-channel representation.

Luma coding in video systems
In the transformation of images to non-colorimetric color spaces such as Y'UV and its relatives, which are used in standard color TV and video systems such as PAL, SECAM, and NTSC, various other formulas are used. These instead define their non-linear grayscale luma component Y' as a linear combination of gamma-compressed primary intensities, rather than use linearization via gamma expansion and compression as in the colorimetric methods. In the Y'UV and Y'IQ models used by PAL and NTSC, the luma $(Y')$ component is computed as
 * $$Y'_{709} = 0.299 R' + 0.587 G' + 0.114 B'$$

where we use the prime to distinguish these gamma-compressed values from the linear R, G, B, and Y discussed above. The model used for HDTV developed by the ATSC uses different color coefficients, computing the luma component as
 * $$Y' = 0.2126 R' + 0.7152 G' + 0.0722 B'$$.

Although these are numerically the same coefficients used in sRGB above, the effect is different because here they are being applied directly to gamma-compressed values.

links

 * WikiProject Physics
 * Portal:Physics
 * WikiProject Physics/Taskforces/Relativity

Inter-article inconsistencies!
E.g. heat, matter, and thermal energy articles are referenced in many articles that use these terms in ways that are completely inconsistent with their treatment in those three referenced articles

Should every article that mentions a concept be required to provide its own references for its meaning, or is it enough to link to the main article on that concept, where the proper references can be given? Maybe the main article should have some sections on particular (even if "wrong") interpretations of the concept so that another article can link to that particular section to show how it's using the term.


 * thermal energy -- the article basically says there's no such thing, yet the article is widely referenced by other articles that use the term to mean something. Perhaps in statistical thermodynamics is where it comes closest to meaning something because here we can talk about microstates and microscopic degrees of freedom and energy distributed among them

Energy
Question: can systems interact without exchanging (converting/transferring) energy?

points

 * 1) property of a system
 * 2) every system has
 * 3) scalar ("amount")
 * 4) conserved
 * 5) transferrable
 * 6) interconvertible forms
 * 7) limits action on other sys
 * 8) e.g. move or heat other sys
 * 9) ?provide work/heat

points with some wording

 * 1) is a [fundamental] property of [every] object/system
 * 2) [every] object/system has [an amount of] energy
 * 3) is an amount | the/an amount of which
 * 4) stored [in fields|in objects/systems]
 * 5) can't be created/destroyed | can increase/decrease only by aquiring/giving/receiving from/to another object/system
 * 6) limits... | sets a fundamental limit on ... | is a measure of the capacity to... | limits actions requiring its transfer to other objects
 * 7) must give/receive in order to...
 * 8) can be transferred by fundamental interactions

phrases
In physics,


 * every object or system has/stores/contains
 * energy is


 * a [fundamental|transferable] property [of all objects] [called]
 * an amount of


 * some [amount] of which
 * limits [its capacity to]
 * [sets|is a measure of|determines] [[the most] fundamental|a] limit[s] on
 * must give or receive | exchange with
 * must give up


 * perform [many|certain] actions such as
 * affect
 * interact with
 * cause a change in
 * have an effect on
 * participate in phenomena


 * heating or moving
 * changing its motion or temperature
 * perform work [on] or provide heat [to]


 * on other objects
 * on its surroundings|the world around it

possible edits to 1st para of Energy
In physics, energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms but never created or destroyed. The amount of energy constitutes a fundamental limitation on the "capacity of a system to perform work", although it is not the only limitation on this capacity. The SI unit of energy is the joule, which is the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton.

possible first sentences

 * minimal:
 * In physics, energy is a property of every object and a measure of its capacity to perform work or provide heat, and which can be converted or transferred but not created or destroyed.
 * In physics, energy is a property of every object, limiting the work or heat that it can provide, and which can be converted or transferred but not created or destroyed.
 * In physics, every object has an amount of energy, a measure of its capacity to do work or provide heat, and which can be converted or transferred but not created or destroyed.


 * energy-is-property,limits-in-interactions,converted,phenomena;transferred-but-not-created-destroyed:
 * In physics, energy is a (fundamental) property of every object, limiting the amount of work or heat that it can provide( in interactions with other objects), and which can be converted among various forms( (such as those) of kinetic and potential energy)(, in which it can enable (and participate in) disparate phenomena); it can be transferred but not created or destroyed.

above may be less controversial / less change.

below have: work-or-heat-while-being-transferred"


 * energy-is-property,limit-while-transferred;converted,phenomena,not-created-destroyed:
 * In physics, energy is a (fundamental) property of every object and a measure of its capacity to perform work or provide heat while being transferred to other objects; it can be converted among various forms of kinetic and potential energy, in which it can enable (and participate in) disparate phenomena, but it cannot be created or destroyed.


 * energy-is-property,limits-while-transferrred,converted,phenomena,not-created-destroyed:
 * In physics, energy is a property of every object, setting (fundamental) limits on its capacity to perform work or provide heat while being transferred to other objects, and which can be converted among various forms (such as those) of kinetic and potential energy(, in which it can enable (and participate in) disparate phenomena), but which cannot be created or destroyed.

Scrap: a system can gain additional enery only by obtaining it from another system that loses the energy

The lead/lede is way too long and it doesn't offer a coherent definition of energy. It says it's "the capacity of a system to perform work", but later (correctly) points out that "not all of the energy in a system can be converted into work". Thus the capacity of a system to perform work is equal to the energy of the system, but, umm, actually, it's less than the energy of the system! The latter part is undeniable (in the general case) so, clearly, the capacity to perform work is not equal to the system's energy.

Though this is too advanced for the beginning of the lead, energy is exactly anything that can contribute to the mass of a physical system see mass-energy equivalence), and nothing that doesn't. As is already buried near the bottom of the way-too-long lead, all energy manifests as an equivalent amount of mass. For example, adding 25 kilowatt-hours (90 megajoules) of ANY form of energy to an object increases its mass by 1 microgram. If you have a sensitive enough mass balance or scale, this mass increase can be measured.

Energy and the amount of energy isn't merely defined independently in different fields of study or for different phonomena. The amount of energy is equal to the amount by which adding it to a system increases the system's mass, divided by a universal physical constant (and, by the way, the speed of light is equal to the square root of that constant). If a given field of study "defines" a form of energy that does not contribute to the mass of a system in the specified way, that definition is simply incorrect.

Although in most common phenomena, it is impractical (with current technology) to (directly) measure the change in mass from typical amounts of energy we encounter, that does not change the principle or the definition. We can, in fact, use energy conservation (which could also be considered part of the definition of energy) to show that a given form of energy can ultimately be converted to another, or from known form of energy. By tracing through multiple conversions, one can show that all such forms of energy are ultimately convertible to a form that *has* itself been directly shown to have the expected amount of mass. Examples of such directly-provable forms of energy include light (observed to be gravitationally attracted to stars that it passes near) or, perhaps best known, the binding energy of the atomic nucleus.



topics of interest; some removed from watchlist
Absolute zero - Acceleration - Albert Contreras - Annus Mirabilis papers - Binding energy - Chemical energy - Classical mechanics - Closed system - Closed_system - Color space - Configuration entropy - Conservation of energy - Conservation of mass - Conversion factor - County (United States) - County seat - Draft:Albert Contreras - Electric potential energy - Electromagnetic radiation - Electromagnetic spectrum - Energy transfer - Energy transformation - Energy - Energy–momentum relation - Enthalpy - Entity - Entity–relationship model - Entropy (disambiguation) (shows Entropy as "main" article) - Entropy (Entropy (thermodynamics) redirects here) (note begins "In statistical thermodynamics, entropy (S)... is a measure of the number of microscopic configurations..." BUT distinct from both the classical thermodynamics and statistical thermodynamics entropy articles) - Entropy (classical thermodynamics) - Entropy (statistical thermodynamics) - Entropy in thermodynamics and information theory - Entropy (energy dispersal) - Entropy (information theory) (redirects from Information entropy) - Entropy (order and disorder) - Entropy production (reduction in Exergy proportionate to entropy production?) - Exergy efficiency aka second law efficiency - Exergy aka available energy - Extinction - Fictitious force - First law of thermodynamics - Forms of energy - Free entropy - Functions of state - Fundamental science - Gamma ray - Gravitational energy - Gravitational field - Gravitational wave - Gravity - Grayscale - HSL and HSV - Heat (disambiguation) - Heat equation - Heat flux - Heat transfer (arguably redundant with Heat except from an engineering or historical point of view or less rigorous, or with Thermal Energy or Heat Transfer Physics) - Heat transfer physics (redundant with Heat transfer?) - Heat - History of entropy - Human settlement - Index of energy articles - Inertia - Information theory (cf entropy) - Infrared - Internal energy - Introduction to entropy - Introduction to special relativity - Invariant mass - Ionizing radiation - Irradiance - Irreversible process - Isolated system - Kinetic energy - Light - List of thermodynamic properties - Mass in special relativity - Mass versus weight - Mass - Mass–energy equivalence - Matter (also Material; sometimes contrasted with Radiative) - Measurement - Mechanical energy - Microstate (statistical mechanics) - Microwave - Newton's law of universal gravitation - Non-ionizing radiation - Nucleon - Orders of magnitude (energy) (for Energy) - Orders of magnitude (entropy) (for Entropy) - Outline of energy - Particle radiation - Perpetual motion - Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics - Photon - Physical body - Physical information (cf entropy) - Physical quantity - Physical system - Point particle - Potential energy - Power (physics) - Process function - Quantification (science) - Quantum vacuum - Radiant energy - Radiation - Radiative flux - Radio wave - Radioactive decay - Reptile - Scalar (physics) - Scientific method - Second law of thermodynamics - Spacetime - Special relativity - State function - Statistical mechanics - System of measurement - Systems of measurement - TSL color space - Temperature - Template:Forms of energy Template:Forms of energy - Thermal diffusivity - Thermal efficiency - Thermal energy - Thermodynamic equilibrium - Thermodynamic free energy - Thermodynamic potential - Thermodynamic process - Thermodynamic state - Thermodynamic system - Thermodynamic temperature - Thermodynamics - Tidal power - Time travel - USS Ling (SS-297) - USS Ling - Ultraviolet - Units conversion by factor-label - Units of measurement - User:DavRosen/SidebarReorderTranslate.js - User:DavRosen/common.css - User:DavRosen/common.js - User:DavRosen/commonAnylang.js - User:DavRosen - User:Dfgoddard/Albert Contreras - Vacuum energy - Waste heat - Wave–particle duality - Weighing scale - Weight - WikiProject Energy - Work (physics) - Work (thermodynamics) - X-ray - Zero-point energy - Category : Energy-related_lists (why can't make a category into a wikilink -- instead this puts my sandbox page into the category!)) -

conservation of energy new intro in progress
In physics, the law of conservation of energy, recognized in the nineteenth century, states that the total energy of an isolated system cannot change—it is said to be conserved over time. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can change form; for instance, chemical energy can be converted to kinetic energy.

A consequence of the law of conservation of energy is that a perpetual motion machine of the first kind cannot exist. That is to say, no system without an external energy supply can deliver an unlimited amount of energy to its surroundings.

While the energy conservation law itself has not changed, new forms of energy have been identified and included in the total energy, each new form being inter-convertible with known forms of energy. In the early twentieth century, one such new form of energy was identified, termed rest energy or intrinsic energy, which is directly proportional to an object's mass under ordinary conditions. For example, a nuclear reactor converts some of its fuel's existing rest energy to other forms of energy such as radiant and thermal energy, which are then released such that the fuel has less rest energy, and thus proportionately less mass, than before. This proportionality itself is known as mass-energy equivalence and arose from the theory of special relativity.

body or system, called its rest mass. Like all forms of energy, its amount can change by being converted from or to other forms, such as kinetic, potential, or radiant energy. The total energy, including rest energy, remains conserved.

In the early twentieth century, with understanding of the special theory of relativity, it was seen that the total energy and total mass of a system are equivalent, in a universally fixed proportion to one another. Thus in the twentieth century it was recognized that the conservation law statements, of total mass and of total energy, have the same underlying physical meaning.

Thus, in contrast with total mass, rest mass is not conserved as such. In nineteenth century experience and thinking, the only mass that was recognized corresponded more or less with rest mass. It was then believed to have its own separate conservation law, while energy was also believed to be separately conserved. For some practical purposes today, such imprecise nineteenth century thinking is still current.

general

 * 1) MOSPHYS manual of style
 * 2) Scientific model
 * 3) Operational definition
 * 4) Conservation law
 * 5) Phenomenon

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 *  

physical "stuff"/"things" that could exist: substances, particles, bodies/objects, [sub]systems, constituents, surroundings/environment, universe[s], space, time

 * 1) Physical system
 * 2) Environment (systems) redirected from Surroundings (thermodynamics)
 * 3) Physical body Redirected from Physical object
 * 4) Particle
 * 5) Matter
 * 6) Antiparticle
 * 7) Antimatter
 * 8) Radiation
 * 9) Electromagnetic radiation

mass (property of stuff) and related phenomena

 * 1) Mass
 * 2) Rest mass
 * 3) Mass in special relativity
 * 4) Inertia
 * 5) Gravitation redirect from Gravity

energy (property of stuff)

 * 1) Energy uses Template:Forms of energy in/as a section
 * 2) Template:Forms of energy used by Energy and Forms of energy
 * 3) Forms of energy uses Template:Forms of energy as its lead
 * 4) Binding energy
 * 5) Potential energy
 * 6) Thermal energy, whose exchange due to temperatures is called  Heat
 * 7) Kinetic energy, whose change due to an applied force is called  Work
 * 8) Radiant energy
 * 9) Gravitational energy
 * 10) Intrinsic (rest) energy (equivalent to an object's rest mass)

energy and mass laws

 * 1) Conservation of energy
 * 2) Conservation of mass
 * 3) Perpetual motion
 * 4) Mass-energy equivalence
 * 5) Energy-momentum relation
 * 6) Thermodynamic work is just that amount of energy being transferred as, or that could be used to perform, mechanical work

properties/quantities/measurements

 * 1) Level of measurement
 * 2) Magnitude (mathematics)
 * 3) Scalar (mathematics)
 * 4) Scalar (physics)
 * 5) Quantity
 * 6) Physical quantity
 * 7) Physical property
 * 8) Extensive and intensive properties
 * 9) Dimensional analysis
 * 10) Measurement
 * 11) Systems of measurement redirect from System of units
 * 12) Units of measurement
 * 13) Conversion of units redirect from Conversion factors
 * 14) Units conversion by factor-label redirect from Units conversion

mass
me, not used initially:

BTW, if you want to get ideas for what the lead section could look like, check out some of the corresponding Wikipedia articles in other languages (using google translate to read them). Those articles are of course not citable in themselves, but really, is the concept of mass in physics completely different in the English-speaking world from elsewhere?

mass in other wikipedia languages
using google translate (automatically via Chrome browser), editing so it makes sense to me (may not be an accurate translation)

German
The mass is a property of matter and a basic physical parameter. It is given in the SI unit of kilogram. The symbol is usually m. Mass is an extensive quantity.

The gravity of a body is proportional to its mass. At the same time its mass determines the inertia with which it moves in reaction to forces. This dual role of mass belongs to the equivalence principle. Moreover, the mass of a body is equivalent to its energy in its rest frame, i.e. the two quantities differ only by the constant factor c2.

Czech
Mass is a property of matter, which reflects the degree of inertial effects of matter, or measures the gravitational effects of matter. The equivalence of inertial and gravitational force effects is postulated by the general theory of relativity, and experimentally verified with great precision[1].

Mass is similar to other characteristics of matter such as energy, electric charge, etc.

Ukranian
Mass - a physical quantity, which is one of the main characteristics of matter that determines its inertia, energy, and gravitational properties. Mass is usually denoted by Latin letter m.

Historical Review

... In fact, Newton uses mass in only two ways: as a measure of inertia and as a source of gravity. Its interpretation as a measure of "quantity of matter" is nothing more than a visual illustration, and it was criticized in the 19th century as unphysical and meaningless.

Finnish
Mass (Ancient μάζα, identification m) is the basic physics variable that describes, on the one hand, a body's inertia when a force acts on it, and, on the other hand, a body's ability to feel and cause gravitational forces.[1]

Italian
The mass (from the Greek μᾶζα, "barley cake, lump (of dough)") is a physical quantity, that is a property of material bodies, which determines their dynamic behavior when subjected to the influence of outside forces.

In the course of the history of physics, particularly in classical physics, the mass was considered an intrinsic property of matter, represented by a scalar value (independent of direction), and which is preserved in time and space, while remaining constant within an isolated system. Furthermore, the term mass has been used to indicate two potentially distinct quantities: the interaction of matter with the gravitational field, and the relation linking the force applied to a body with the acceleration induced on it (see below paragraphs inertial mass and gravitational mass). However, the equivalence of the two masses was verified in numerous experiments (since the first ones which performed by Galileo Galilei)[1].

...

The intuitive pre-physical concepts of quantity of matter (not to be confused with the amount of substance, measured in moles ) are too vague for an operational definition .... distinct from Newton's earlier theory (Newtonian dynamics) that introduces the mass in quantitative terms.

Russian
Mass (from the Greek μάζα) - a scalar physical quantity, one of the most important values ​​in physics. Initially (17th - 19th centuries), it characterized the amount of substance in the physical object, which, according to the ideas of the time, affected the ability of an object to resist applied force (inertia), and gravitational properties - weight.

In modern physics, the concept of amount of substance has a different meaning, and the mass is closely related to the concepts of energy and momentum (according to modern concepts - the mass is equivalent to the rest energy). Mass is manifested in nature in several ways:
 * Passive gravitational mass shows the force with which the body interacts with the external gravitational fields - in fact, this mass is a basis for measuring the mass by weighing in modern metrology.
 * Active gravitational mass shows how the gravitational field is created by this very body - the gravitational mass appear in the law of universal gravitation.
 * The inertial mass characterizes the inertia of the body and appears in one of the formulations of the second law of Newton. If an arbitrary force in the inertial frame of reference equally accelerates initially-motionless bodies, then these bodies are assigned the same inertial mass.

The gravitational and inertial masses are equal to each other (with high accuracy - about 10−13 - experimentally [1] [2], and in most physical theories - including certainly all experimentally-confirmed theories), ...

Swedish
Mass is a physical quantity/property/indication of a material object. Mass exerts gravity, thereby affecting other surrounding lots and electromagnetic radiation (causing a change in the local space-time). Mass also means inertia, the property to exercise a movement resistance with respect to an actuation force, and determines the acceleration the force causes. These two properties of the material are sometimes called the weight mass and the inertial mass. Already Galileo is said to have demonstrated that they have the same value for a given body. A large mass under the influence of Earth's gravity falls to the ground as fast as a smaller mass. The larger mass both feels a greater attraction from the earth and causes a greater resistance to acceleration, and these differences will exactly offset each other. This is also called the equivalence between the inertial and weight mass.

Mass is measured in kilograms, according to the SI system (mass units).

Polish
Mass - one of the fundamental physical quantities determining the inertia (inertial mass) and gravitational interaction (gravitational mass) of physical objects. Is a scalar. Commonly understood as a measure of the quantity of matter a physical object. In special relativity, associated with the amount of energy contained in a physical object. Most often marked with the letter m.

Hungarian
In physics, the mass is a property of a body measuring the amount of matter and energy. Unlike the weight, the mass always remains the same, wherever you are in the field. The invariant mass also does not depend on the reference system with which we look at the body. The mass plays a central role in classical mechanics and related areas. The reference frame in relation to the inertia is called inertial. The mass appears in many forms of relativistic mechanics.

Dutch
Mass is a physical property/quantity/parameter/variable/scale that indicates a property of matter. That property, which can be described as the amount of matter, manifests itself in two ways. On the one hand, matter is 'heavy', which means it is subject to gravity, and on the other hand, matter is 'sluggish', meaning that it resists change in motion. In the first case, we speak of gravitational mass; in the second case, of inertial mass. The SI unit of mass is the kilogram. On earth, the mass of an object is usually determined by measuring its weight or by comparison with the weight of known masses.

math typography
See Talk:Energy–momentum_relation

subscripts/superscripts

 * Unicode subscripts and superscripts are discouraged by WP:MOSMATH. If you are not satisfied with defaults of &lt;sub> and &lt;sup>, then you can use CSS to control them (both in a bare wiki and math): c2 c2 c<sup style="font-size:70%">2 c<sup style="font-size:80%">2 c<sup style="font-size:90%">2 . Incnis Mrsi (talk) 18:55, 12 July 2013 (UTC)

how to get contents of equation block in 1st para to be included in article previews
In physics, particularly the theory of relativity, the energy–momentum relation is a fundamental relation between the momentum, intrinsic (rest) mass, and total energy of a system (for example, a particle, or a macroscopic object which may be made up of many particles). In flat Minkowski space, the relation is:

E2 = (pc)2 + (mc2)2     ($$)

where c is the speed of light, and E is total energy (also denoted ETOT) of the system, m is the invariant mass (rest mass or intrinsic mass, also denoted m0) of the system, and
 * p = &gamma;(u)mu,   |p| &equiv; p ,

is the total relativistic momentum of the system travelling at 3-velocity u. The 3-momentum here includes the Lorentz factor γ(u), not just the classical definition mu.

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selected snippets from Energy articles in other languages' wikipedias (via google translate)
Energy ( Greek: ἐνέργεια - activity work [1] is a scalar physical quantity that characterizes the ability of a system to change the state of the surrounding environment or perform work . Is common simplified definition that the energy of a system is its ability to work. This simple definition is convenient in classical mechanics . The energy is a value that can be attributed to each particle, object, or body system. There are different forms of energy that often bear the name of the force Energy can not be created or destroyed. This principle is known as the law of conservation of energy, it is valid for any enclosed system and is a direct consequence of the fact that the physical laws do not change with time . [3]

Energy is a physical quantity. The SI unit of energy is joules. Energy is often referred to as the ability to work to be carried out, or more broadly the ability to effect a change.

The energy of a system is the total amount of work that needs to be done from a ground state to arrive. To the current situation For example, how much work it takes to make a heavy object from the ground to put on a table or the amount of labor to a coil spring which was first relaxed pressing a certain distance.

The total Energy of the system is the sum of all forms of energy that are stored in different ways. Energy is a state function, ie the amount of energy is independent of the history. For example, it does not matter if a spring is first pressed, when the table is hoisted or vice versa.

The energy ( Ancient Greek ἐν en "inside" and ἔργον ergon "work") is a fundamental physical quantity , in all areas of physics as well as in the technology, the chemistry , the biology and the economy plays a central role. Your SI unit is the joule. Energy is that size because of the time invariance of the laws of nature preserve remains, that is, the total energy of a closed system can neither be increased nor diminished ( conservation of energy ). Many introductory texts define energy in an illustrative, but not a general manner as the ability to work to do.

Energy is needed to accelerate a body or around him against a force to move to a substance to warm to compress a gas to electric current to flow or electromagnetic waves radiate. Plants, animals and humans need energy to live. Energy is also required for the operation of computer systems, telecommunications and for any economic production

Energy can occur in various forms of energy. These include, for example, potential energy, kinetic energy , chemical energy or thermal energy. 'Energy' can be converted from one form to another, except that the second law of thermodynamics for fundamental limits: thermal energy is limited convertible into other forms of energy and transferable between systems.

Energy is a fundamental and quantitative characteristics that reflect the state of the body or the physical system. Energy can within the context of the natural sciences to take a variety of forms, including thermal energy, chemical , electrical , radiological , nuclear , electromagnetic energy , and kinetic energy. These types of energy can be classified as being the kinetic energy or potential energy, while some could be a combination of kinetic and potential Taqtin, and in this study the thermodynamics

All types of energy can be converted from one form to another with the help of simple tools or sometimes require sophisticated techniques, for example, of chemical energy to electricity by the tool common batteries or accumulators, or convert thermal energy into mechanical energy , and this is found in an internal combustion engine , or the conversion of solar energy to power electric, and so on.

Have shown the theory of relativity to Einstein that material and energy are the two images for one thing, and we know the equal of matter and energy, this discovery was discovered by Einstein in 1905 and written in the special theory of relativity, and expresses the equality of energy and matter Bmadelth famous: E = mc 2. This discovery, which resulted in the invention of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in 1945 ended World War II between Japan and the United States. nuclear fission and nuclear fusion

Energy comes from the Greek εν = "in" and εργον = "work". In everyday language denotes energy physical and spiritual power. In physics refers to energy the ability to perform work or heat something. Energy can be converted from one form to another, but neither arise out of nothing or destroyed. The total energy in the universe is constant

Energy is an abstract concept that is difficult to define precisely. However, it has proven to be very helpful to set the amount of energy when describing the processes running in a physical system. There traded include energy by temperature changes and transitions between different states when an object is deformed or changing location clause, or motion mode in the emission and absorption of electromagnetic radiation, and when the atomic or nuclear physics reactions occur.

'''Historical Overview '''

Virtually all of the processes proceeding in the wild, including everyday activities, involving consumption, or rather the circulation of energy. The modern power plants are the energy contained in the fuel is converted into electrical energy and heat. The energy is transported to consumers via the power grid and district heating, where it supplies household heating intermediaries ( heating and hot water ) and a host of power-consuming appliances.

In the beginning man was referred to the energy contained in food and in the sunlight. When the fire was taming it possible to exploit the chemical energy which is bound in the organic material in the form of wood. After agriculture introduction could the energy tied up in livestock feed is recovered in the form of animal traction. Later you to build windmills and watermills to harness the energy contained in flowing fluid (eg. air and water).

Not to be confused with Exergy  

Energy (of the Greek ἐνέργεια energeia, labor) is a physical quantity that describes something with the potential to cause movement, and not necessarily work. Energy is often confused with exergy, which is work or ability to work. The relationship between energy and exergy seen from second law of thermodynamics. Energy can be stored (potential energy or potential energy) or transferred. Sometimes referred to energy simply performing work  

 Energy is the ability of a system to generate a work, resulting in a movement or for example by producing the light , the heat or the electricity. This is a physical quantity that characterizes the state of a system and is stored in a comprehensive manner in the transformations. Energy is measured in joules (in the International System of Units ) or often in kilowatt-hour (kW · h or kWh).

Energy is a fundamental size of any physical system. It is thus expresses the potential to perform mechanical work or to dissipate heat. Previously energy described in relation to simple observed effects. For it is always the case that when an object has changed is the energy exchanged with the surroundings. When you realize that what creates the changes can be stored in objects, the concept of energy released as the potential for change and the size of the change. Such effects (both potential and realized) has many forms. Examples:

Kinetic (Kinetic energy) of a speeding train

Thermal energy in a water tank

Chemical energy in food

Electrochemical energy in batteries

Potential (Employment Energy) in a vertical hanging above the ground

Energy is a measure of the capacity of a physical system (matter) to perform work or to cause the flow of heat [2] . In processes in which one kind of energy is converted into another (eg in the process of heating the heater energy of electric charges in a spiral can turn into a spiral of internal energy of the ambient air and the internal energy of the radiator), always associated with some kind of interactions (in the example cited electron interaction is the spiral lattice) describing the work of the forces is equal to the amount of impact energy przemienianej.

Energy and its amendments describe the state and the mutual interaction of physical objects ( bodies, fields , particles , physical systems) [1] [2], physical changes and chemical and all kinds of processes occurring in nature [4]

undefined

In science, energy (from the Greek έν inside εργον 1 work, work, work within the 2 ) refers to one of two physical quantities necessary for the correct description of the inter-relationship - always mutual - between two entities or systems physicists. The second quantity is the time. Loved or interacting systems exchange energy and momentum, but they do so that both quantities Always obey the relevant conservation law

It is very widespread - not only in common sense - that energy is generally associated to the ability to produce a work or perform action Ref 2 . In fact, the etymology of the word stems from the language Greek, where εργος (ergos) means "work". Although not fully comprehensive in terms of the definition of energy, this association does not seem completely out of the scientific field, and in principle, any entity that is working - for example, to move another object to deform it or make it be covered by an electrical current - is to "transform" part of their energy by transferring it to the system on which the job done.

L  'energy  is the physical quantity that measures the ability of a body or of a system to perform work, irrespective of the fact that such work is or can be actually performed. [1] The word energy derives from the late Latin energy, in turn derived from the greek ἐνέργεια (energeia), [1] . The word is composed of en, intensive particle, and ergon, capacity to act. [2]

The term was introduced by Aristotle in the field of philosophy to distinguish δύναμις, the possibility, the " power "of its formless matter, the real capacity (ἐνέργεια) have employed in place, formal reality to things. [3] The Italian word "energy" is not directly derived from the Latin, but it is revived in the fifteenth century by the French "énergie". [4] "In France énergie is used from the fifteenth century in the sense of" strength in action, "with the word directly derived from the Latin, never with physical meaning. In England in the 1599 energy is synonymous with "strength or force of expression." ... Thomas Young was the first to use, in 1807, the term energy in the modern sense, " [5] The concept of energy can emerge from intuitively ' experimental observation that the capacity of a physical system to do work decreases gradually that this is produced. In this sense, the energy can be defined as a property possessed by the system that can be exchanged between the bodies through the work.

Mostly it is used in science to describe how much potential a physical system has to change.

Energy ( al-Greek.. ἐνέργεια - "action, activity, strength, power") - a scalar physical quantity, which is a common measure of the various forms of movement and interaction of matter , a measure of the transition movement of matter from one form to another. Introduction of the concept of energy is convenient because if the physical system is closed, its energy is stored in the system over time , during which the system will be closed. This statement is known as the law of conservation of energy. Concept was introduced by Aristotle in his treatise " Physics ".

From a fundamental point of view of energy is the integral of motion (ie, continuing the motion value) associated, according to Noether's theorem, with the homogeneity of time. Thus, the introduction of the concept of energy as a physical quantity is only advisable if the physical system is homogeneous in time.

However, the total energy of the entire system can not be converted to work. The amount of energy that can be converted into a system usable energy is called work. Deteriorated and the highest maximum entropy as a form of energy to heat energy has a special status. second law of thermodynamics , energy can be converted into different forms determines the amount of heat energy.

Every object has a mass when stationary. This is called the rest mass. stagnant energy Albert Einstein 's can be calculated using equation E = mc 2.

Which is a form of energy into another form of energy converted rest energy. As with all energy conversion, in which case the total amount of energy does not decrease or does not increase. Because of this perspective; The amount of energy in the universe, it contributes to the total.

Similarly, all the energy shows an equivalent mass. Our sun (or a nuclear bomb) nuclear potential energy converts to other forms of energy; The total mass is reduced by per se. Because the sun is still a sizeable light energy in the total energy contains the same. (Solar Energy is dissipated around the time of the mass decreases.)

All exotic forms of energy, including space permeates all space. Eg all space point zero energy comprises an energy density called.

In physics, energy is a physical scalar , specifies the amount of work that can be done by force , which helps to understand all areas of physics. By a more general definition, the physical quantity of energy is saved as a result the laws of physics constant in time

Total energy of any system can be calculated by a simple combination. When it includes parts that no interaction, nor are many different forms of energy. Forms of energy consists of the kinetic energy of a moving object, the energy radiated out by light and other electromagnetic radiation. And various types of energy Such as gravity and flexibility. Common types of energy transfer and transformation processes. Such as heating materials, mechanical operations on the object, the creation or use of electrical energy. And many chemical reactions

The unit of measurement of energy often determined through the process of work. Work done by one thing on another thing that is defined in physics. Is the force (in SI: Newton) made by multiplying it by the distance (in SI: m) of the movement against the force exerted by the opponent, so the power unit is Newton - meters

Not all of the energy in the system can be changed or transferred by the process of the work; Volume can be change or be transferred that energy available. In particular, the second law of thermodynamics to limit the amount of heat energy that can be converted into energy is the other form of energy, mechanical and others can be changed in the other direction as the thermal energy without any restrictions. Such restricted

Any object with mass when stationary. (So-called rest mass) are stagnant energy that can be calculated by using the equations of Albert Einstein E = mc 2 is the one form of energy, rest energy can be converted to or from other forms of energy. While the total amount of energy does not change from this perspective, the amount of matter in the universe, causing the inclusion of all energy.

Likewise Total energy is shown to be proportional to the amount of mass. For example, to add 25 kilowatt - hour (90 megajoules) of any form of energy to increase the mass of one object to another object 1 microgram If you have a scale sensitive enough mass. The increase of this mass can be measured. Our Sun (Or nuclear ) Converts nuclear energy into other forms of energy, the total mass is not reduced. It still has the same total energy. Only in another form. But its mass actually decreased when the energy escaping to the environment. Most of the energy is radiated.

New forms of energy can not be arbitrary regulation. In order to be valid, it must be shown that the ability to transition to or from a number of predictions have some form of energy known. This therefore shows that the amount of energy is much as it was represented in the same units used in other models, it must comply with energy conservation. So it must not reduce or increase except through changes (or transfer) of such addition, if new forms of energy are being accused can show that it will not change the mass of the system in proportion to its power, so it is not. Forms of energy

All forms of energy are not available to perform mechanical work. For example, the thermal energy can do the job only if it is unevenly distributed. Exergy is the proportion of energy that can do the job, anergy is the part that can not be thus make use of, for example, the thermal energy at ambient temperature.

Energy is one of the basic physical quantities. Is non-directional ( scalar ) variable and is associated with the ability to provide labor and / or source of heat

Energy (E or W) in physics is the ability of physical systems do work (W), or work stored in the physical system. In other words, the degree of movement of all forms of matter

Studies ftryh Energy (energy) in the body of this work is the ability to. And it was said that any body, any force (eg, gravity or brqnatysyt etc.) arising under the expulsion is. Forces are present in different forms in nature and therefore influence the energy and then his work has many different forms, such as EMP or, Temperatures A. and gravity etc. The types of energy and the work under. Basically all types of energy can be divided into two major groups 1 - motive power (kinetic energy) and 2 - hidden energy (potential energy).

Energy is a physical quantity that is an attribute present in any system physical and can be expressed in the form of useful work, of heat , of light or other ways. Is closely related to the work, the enthalpy , the entropy , and nuclear physics, the mass

Energy is a fundamental quantity that every physical system possesses; it allows us to predict how much work the system is capable of, or how much heat it can exchange. In the past, energy was discussed in terms of easily observable effects it has on the properties of objects or changes in condition of the various systems. Basically, the conclusion is that if something changes, there is some kind of energy involved in that change. When people realized that energy stored in objects, the idea of ​​energy expanded the potential for change and the change itself to include.

These effects (both potential and realized) come in many different forms; examples are the electrical energy stored in a battery, the chemical energy in a piece of food is stored, the thermal energy of a hot water heater, or the kinetic energy of a moving train.

work and heating

 * 1) In physics energy refers to the ability to perform work or heat something.
 * 2) Energy is a fundamental size of any physical system. It thus expresses the potential to perform mechanical work  or to dissipate heat . 
 * 3) is associated with the ability to provide labor and / or source of heat
 * 4) allows us to predict how much work the system is capable of, or how much heat it can exchange.
 * 5) Energy is a measure of the capacity of a physical system (matter) to perform work or to cause the flow of heat [2].

work and heating and others listed

 * 1) Energy is the ability of a system to generate a work, resulting in a movement or for example by producing the light , the heat or the electricity.
 * 2) Energy is a physical quantity that is an attribute present in any system physical and can be expressed in the form of useful work, of heat , of light or other ways.
 * 3) Energy is needed to accelerate a body or around him against a force to move to a substance to warm to compress a gas to electric current to flow or electromagnetic waves radiate.

Limitations due to second law:

 * 1) Not to be confused with Exergy   Energy is a physical quantity that describes something with the potential to cause movement, and not necessarily work . Energy is often confused with exergy, which is work or ability to work. The relationship between energy and exergy seen from second law of thermodynamics.
 * 2) All forms of energy are not available to perform mechanical work . For example, the thermal energy can do the job only if it is unevenly distributed .  Exergy  is the proportion of energy that can do the job,  anergy  is the part that can not be thus make use of, for example, the thermal energy at ambient temperature.
 * 3) Not all of the energy in the system can be changed or transferred by the process of the work ; Volume can be change or be transferred that energy available. In particular, the second law of thermodynamics to limit the amount of heat energy that can be converted into energy is the other form of energy, mechanical and others can be changed in the other direction as the thermal energy without any restrictions . Such restricted
 * 4) can be converted from one form to another, except that the second law of thermodynamics for fundamental limits : thermal energy is limited convertible into other forms of energy and transferable between systems.
 * 5) However, the total energy of the entire system can not be converted to work . The amount of energy that can be converted into a system usable energy is called work. Deteriorated and the highest maximum entropy as a form of energy to heat energy has a special status. second law of thermodynamics ,energy can be converted into different forms determines the amount of heat energy.
 * 6) is the physical quantity that measures the ability of a body or of a system to perform work, irrespective of the fact that such work is or can be actually performed.

can be stored:

 * 1) Energy can be stored (potential energy or potential energy) or transferred.
 * 2) When people realized that energy stored in objects, the idea of ​​energy expanded the potential for change and the change itself to include.
 * 3) When you realize that what creates the changes can be stored in objects, the concept of energy released as the potential for change and the size of the change. Such effects (both potential and realized) has many forms. Examples: Kinetic (Kinetic energy) of a speeding train, Thermal energy in a water tank, ...

energy conservation related to time invariance

 * 1) law of conservation of energy ... is a direct consequence of the fact that the physical laws do not change with time . [3]
 * 2) Energy is that size because of the time invariance of the laws of nature preserve remains, that is, ...( conservation of energy ).
 * 3) From a fundamental point of view of energy is the integral of motion (ie, continuing the motion value) associated, according to Noether's theorem, with the homogeneity of time.
 * 4) Thus, the introduction of the concept of energy as a physical quantity is only advisable if the physical system is homogeneous in time.

other interesting:

 * 1) New forms ...must be shown to have the ability to be converted to or from a number of predictions have some known form of energy. This shows that the amount of energy is as much as was represented in the same units used in other forms.
 * 2) The energy of a system is the total amount of work that needs to be done to arrive in its state from a ground state.
 * 3) Is non-directional ( scalar ) variable and

ability to do work is not general (but doesn't mention heat)

 * 1) Many introductory texts define energy in an illustrative, but not a general manner as the ability to work to do.
 * 2) Sometimes referred to energy simply performing work  
 * 3) Energy is often referred to as the ability to work to be carried out, or more broadly the ability to effect a change.
 * 4) is a scalar physical quantity that characterizes the ability of a system to change the state of the surrounding environment or perform work.

conversion among forms

 * 1) All types of energy can be converted from one form to another with the help of simple tools or sometimes require sophisticated techniques, for example,... convert thermal energy into mechanical energy, and this is found in an internal combustion engine ...
 * 2) There are different forms of energy that often bear the name of the force
 * 3) In processes in which one kind of energy is converted into another (eg in the process of heating the heater energy of electric charges in a spiral can turn into a spiral of internal energy of the ambient air and the internal energy of the radiator), always associated with some kind of interactions (in the example cited electron interaction is the spiral lattice) describing the work of the forces is equal to the amount of impact energy przemienianej.
 * 4) Historical Overview : Virtually all of the processes proceeding in the wild, including everyday activities, involving consumption, or rather the circulation of energy.
 * 5) Basically, the conclusion is that if something changes, there is some kind of energy involved in that change.
 * 6) The energy is a value that can be attributed to each particle, object, or body system.
 * 7) Previously energy described in relation to simple observed effects. For it is always the case that when an object has changed is the energy exchanged with the surroundings.
 * 8) Is closely related to the work, the enthalpy , the entropy , and nuclear physics, the mass
 * 9) In the past, energy was discussed in terms of easily observable effects it has on the properties of objects or changes in condition of the various systems.
 * 10) Energy -- a scalar physical quantity, which is a common measure of the various forms of movement and interaction of matter , a measure of the transition movement of matter from one form to another. Introduction of the concept of energy is convenient because if the physical system is closed , its energy is stored in the system over time, ...  conservation of energy ... was introduced by Aristotle in his treatise " Physics ".
 * 11) The total Energy of the system is the sum of all forms of energy that are stored in different ways.
 * 12) Energy is a fundamental quantity that every physical system possesses;
 * 13) Energy is an abstract concept that is difficult to define precisely. However, it has proven to be very helpful to set the amount of energy when describing the processes running in a physical system. There traded include energy by temperature changes and transitions between different states when an object is deformed or changing location clause, or motion mode in the emission and absorption of electromagnetic radiation, and when the atomic or nuclear physics reactions occur.
 * 14) Energy and its amendments describe the state and the mutual interaction of physical objects ( bodies, fields , particles , physical systems) [1][2] physical changes and chemical and all kinds of processes occurring in nature [4]
 * 15) Plants, animals and humans need energy to live. Energy is also required for the operation of computer systems, telecommunications and for any economic production
 * 16) In science, energy refers to one of two physical quantities necessary for the correct description of the inter-relationship - always mutual - between two entities or systems physicists . The second quantity is the time . Loved or interacting systems exchange energy and momentum, but they do so that both quantities Always obey the relevant conservation law  It is very widespread - not only in common sense - that energy is generally associated to the ability to produce a work or perform action Ref  In fact, the etymology of the word stems from the language Greek , where εργος (ergos) means "work". Although not fully comprehensive in terms of the definition of energy, this association does not seem completely out of the scientific field, and in principle, any entity that is working - for example, to move another object to deform it or make it be covered by an electrical current - is to "transform" part of their energy by transferring it to the system on which the job done.
 * 17) The concept of energy can emerge from intuitively ' experimental observation that the capacity of a physical system to do work decreases gradually that this is produced. In this sense, the energy can be defined as a property possessed by the system that can be exchanged between the bodies through the work.
 * 18) Mostly it is used in science to describe how much potential a physical system has to change.
 * 19) Every object has a mass when stationary. This is called the rest mass. stagnant energy Albert Einstein 's can be calculated using equation E = mc 2. Which is a form of energy into another form of energy converted rest energy. ...The amount of energy in the universe, it contributes to the total.
 * 20) Similarly, all the energy shows an equivalent mass. Our sun (or a nuclear bomb) nuclear potential energy converts to other forms of energy; The total mass is reduced by per se. Because the sun is still a sizeable light energy in the total energy contains the same. (Solar Energy is dissipated around the time of the mass decreases.)
 * 21) All exotic forms of energy, including space permeates all space. Eg all space point zero energy comprises an energy density called.
 * 22) In physics, energy is a physical scalar , specifies the amount of work that can be done by force , which helps to understand all areas of physics. By a more general definition, the physical quantity of energy is saved as a result the laws of physics constant in time
 * 23) Total energy of any system can be calculated by a simple combination. When it includes parts that no interaction, nor are many different forms of energy. Forms of energy consists of the kinetic energy of a moving object, the energy radiated out by light and other electromagnetic radiation. And various types of energy Such as gravity and flexibility. Common types of energy transfer and transformation processes. Such as heating materials, mechanical operations on the object, the creation or use of electrical energy. And many chemical reactions
 * 24) The unit of measurement of energy often determined through the process of work. Work done by one thing on another thing that is defined in physics. Is the force (in SI: Newton) made by multiplying it by the distance (in SI: m) of the movement against the force exerted by the opponent, so the power unit is Newton- meters
 * 25) Any object with mass when stationary. (So-called rest mass) are stagnant energy that can be calculated by using the equations of Albert Einstein E = mc 2 is the one form of energy, rest energy can be converted to or from other forms of energy. While the total amount of energy does not change from this perspective, the amount of matter in the universe, causing the inclusion of all energy.
 * 26) Likewise Total energy is shown to be proportional to the amount of mass. For example, to add 25 kilowatt - hour (90 megajoules) of any form of energy to increase the mass of one object to another object 1 microgram If you have a scale sensitive enough mass. The increase of this mass can be measured.
 * 27) Is common simplified definition that the energy of a system is its ability to work. This simple definition is convenient in classical mechanics.
 * 28) Energy is a physical quantity . The SI unit of energy is joules.
 * 29) Energy is a state function, ie the amount of energy is independent of the history. For example, it does not matter if a spring is first pressed, when the table is hoisted or vice versa.
 * 30) Have shown the theory of relativity to Einstein that material and energy are the two images for one thing.... E = mc 2.
 * 31) Our Sun (Or nuclear ) Converts nuclear energy into other forms of energy, the total mass is not reduced. It still has the same total energy. Only in another form. But its mass actually decreased when the energy escaping to the environment. Most of the energy is radiated.
 * 32) if new forms of energy are being accused can show that it will not change the mass of the system in proportion to its power, so it is not. Forms of energy
 * 33) Energy (E or W) in physics is the ability of physical systems do work (W), or work stored in the physical system. In other words, the degree of movement of all forms of matter
 * 34) energy in the body of this work is the ability to.
 * 35) These effects (both potential and  realized) come in many different forms; examples are the electrical energy stored in a battery, the chemical energy in a piece of food is stored, the thermal energy of a hot water heater, or the kinetic energy of a moving train.

defining heat and work
Shouldn't they be defined in terms of entropy? Thermodynamic work is an energy transfer that does not lead to an increase in entropy, i.e. does not increase the amount of energy that is no longer able to be extracted as work. Heat *does* give an increase in entropy, but depending on how much the entropy increases in an energy transfer, some could be work and some heat.

https://arxiv.org/pdf/1612.04779.pdf "In thermodynamics, heat is defined as the flow of energy from a system to its environment, normally considered as a thermal bath at certain temperature, in some way different from work. Work, on the other hand, is quantified as the flow of energy, say to a bath or to an external agent, that could be extractable (or accessible)."