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Sustainable Developmental Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy
The United Nations General Assembly created Goal 7 Affordable and clean energy in 2015 with the target year reaching 2030. It is indicated by the UN that through reducing dependence on fossil fuels that it will have a greater impact on climate change.

According to the World Bank between 1990 and 2017 the access to electricity has markedly increased throughout all socioeconomic levels. In 1993 the 76.7 % had access to electricity while in 2017 it had increased to 88.9%. The need for goal 7 is based on the idea that as the population increases around the world in addition to access to electricity, so the will the demand for cheap energy.

Background
The Sustainable Development Goals were created at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro in 2012 to replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The MDGs established measurable, universally agreed upon objectives for tackling poverty, hunger, preventing disease and expanding primary education to all children.

From 2000 to 2015 the MDGs affected progress in reducing income poverty, providing much needed access to water and sanitation, driving down child mortality and drastically improving maternal health. Most significantly, the MDGs made huge strides in combating HIV/AIDS and other treatable diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis.

The SDGs are a bold commitment to finish what we started, and tackle some of the more pressing challenges facing the world today. All 17 Goals interconnect, meaning success in one affects success for others. Dealing with the threat of climate change impacts how we manage our fragile natural resources, achieving gender equality or better health helps eradicate poverty, and fostering peace and inclusive societies will reduce inequalities and help economies prosper.

The SDGs coincided with another historic agreement reached in 2015 at the COP21 Paris Climate Conference. Together with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, signed in Japan in March 2015, these agreements provide a set of common standards and achievable targets to reduce carbon emissions, manage the risks of climate change and natural disasters, and to build back better after a crisis. The SDGs are unique in that they cover issues that affect us all. They reaffirm our international commitment to end poverty, permanently, everywhere by involving us all to build a more sustainable, safer, more prosperous planet for all humanity. .

Targets & Indicators:
 7.1  By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services

SDG INDICATOR 7.1.1

Access to electricity

Definition: Indicator 7.1.1 is the proportion of population with access to electricity.

This is measured as the share of people with electricity access at the household level. It comprises electricity sold commercially, both on-grid and off-grid.

Goal: By 2030 ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services.

This requires universal access to electricity by 2030.

SDG INDICATOR 7.1.2 Access to clean fuels for cooking

Definition: Indicator 7.1.2 is the proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology.

This is measured as the share of the total population with access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking. Access to clean fuels or technologies such as clean cookstoves reduce exposure to indoor air pollutants, a leading cause of death in low-income households.

Goal: By 2030 ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services.

This requires universal access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking by 2030.

 7.2  Increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix by 2030

SDG INDICATOR 7.2.1

Renewable energy

Definition: Indicator 7.2.1 is renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption.

This is measured as renewable energy (inclusive of solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, bioenergy and marine sources) as a share of final (not primary) energy consumption. Energy mix includes electricity, transportation and cooking/heating fuels.

Goal: By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix.

 7.3 Double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency by 2030

SDG INDICATOR 7.3.1

Energy efficiency

D efinition: Indicator 7.3.1 is energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and GDP.

This is measured as the energy intensity of economies (collectively across all sectors). Energy intensity is measured as the quantity of kilowatt-hours produced per 2011 international-$ of gross domestic product (kWh per 2011 int-$).

Goal: By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency.

 7.a By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technologies, including renewable energy, energy efficiency, and advanced and cleaner fossil fuel technologies, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technologies 

SDG INDICATOR 7.A.1

Access and investments in clean energy

Definition: Indicator 7.A.1 is international financial flows to developing countries in support of clean energy research and development and renewable energy production, including in hybrid systems.

Goal: Enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology by 2030.

 7.b By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, particularly LDCs and SIDS 

SDG INDICATOR 7.B.1

Expanding energy services for developing countries

Definition: Indicator 7.B.1 is investments in energy efficiency as a proportion of GDP and the amount of foreign direct investment in financial transfer for infrastructure and technology to sustainable development services.

Goal: Expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries by 2030.

The SDG Fund Response
The SDG Fund Response brings together UN agencies, governments, businesses and civil society to advance the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, working on the ground with local partners to maximize impact.

In Bolivia a nutritional program is promoting the use of solar energy in food production in Bolivia. Thus farmers are able to reduce CO2 emissions and produce at a lower cost in addition.

In Mozambique, the SDG Fund programme is supporting, through UNIDO and national partners, a technology exchange with South African National Cleaner Production Center. This government facility promotes resource efficient and cleaner production methodologies to assist industry in lowering costs through reduced energy, water and materials usage, and waste management.

Progress up to 2019
From 2016 to 2019 people without access to electricity has gone down from 1.1 billion to 840 million

From 2010 to 2017 the population with access to clean cooking fuels and technologies has increased from 57% to 61% From 2010 to 2016 the renewable energy share of total final energy consumption has increased from 16.6% to 17.5%

From 2010 to 2016 the ratio of energy used per unit of GDP has improved from 5.9 to 5.1. This is still short of the 2.7% needed to reach target 3 of Sustainable Development goal 7

From 2010 to 2016 international finance directed towards developing countries in support of clean and renewable energy has increased from $9.9 billion to $18.6 billion

Currently:


 * 13% of the global population still lacks access to modern electricity.
 * 3 billion people rely on wood, coal, charcoal or animal waste for cooking and heating
 * Energy is the dominant contributor to climate change, accounting for around 60 per cent of total global greenhouse gas emissions.