User:DavidAnstiss/Cyphellophoraceae

Cyphellophoraceae is a family of ascomycetous fungi within the order Chaetothyriales and within the class Eurotiomycetes. As accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020;

History
The genus Cyphellophora De Vries (1962) was erected with C. laciniata as type species and was mainly characterized by having simple, intercalary, lateral phialides, mostly reduced to a distinct collarette, and sickle-shape, brown, 1–3 septate conidia, adhering in bundles. De Vries et al. (1986) broadened the generic description to include a species having well-developed, more or less swollen phialides, Cyphellophora pluriseptata Both C. laciniata and C. pluriseptata were isolated from human skin (and nails for the latter), although without clinical diagnosis. Later, Walz and de Hoog (1987) added Cyphellophora vermispora, while Matsushima (1987) described Cyphellophora taiwanensis , both isolated from plant materials viz. in roots of Triticum aestivum and Hordeum vulgare and from rotten wood of Phyllostachis edulis, respectively. Cyphellophora vermispora was characterized by also having ampulliform to ﬂask-shaped phialides with a conspicuous, funnel-shaped collarette, and vermiform, mostly curved, 30–55 mm long, 4-8 septate conidia while C. taiwainensis has intercalary, lateral, and sessile phialides reduced to a collarette and fusiform conidia, 16 –35 31.5 –2.0 mm, with (2–)3(26) septa. During a study of leaf litter microfungi from French Guyana, an interesting species of Cyphellophora, apparently not yet described, was isolated. The fungus may be compared to C. vermispora in its conidiogenous cells and long, septate conidia. However, it differs from the latter by having smaller (19–28 mm long), nearly straight to more commonly slightly falcate or slightly sigmoid, (2–)3– 6 septate conidia. The species is therefore described as C. guyanensis sp. nov.

Cyphellophora is cosmopolitan, comprising species distributed from a broad range of environmental sources as human and animal disease, saprobes, epiphytes and plant pathogens (de Hoog et al. 1999, 2000; Jacob and Bhat 2000; Decock et al. 2003; Crous et al. 2007; Zhuang et al. 2010; Feng et al. 2014; Mayfield et al. 2012; Gao et al. 2015; Phookamsak et al. 2019). Most species, including the type species, C. laciniata, were isolated from nails or skin of humans, resulting in clinical symptoms (Feng et al. 2014). Phylogenetically, C. phyllostachysdis clustered with C. europaea, a human or mammal infection of hyperkeratosis (de Hoog et al. 2000). In contrast, C. phyllostachysdis causes sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) of bamboo and is not found in humans (Gao et al. 2015). The sooty mold species C. jingdongensis was introduced with a sexual morph; it reduces plant photosynthesis but does not damage or cause disease of the plant (Chomnunti et al. 2014; Yang et al. 2018).

Some species of genus Cyphellophora were reported as pathogens of superficial skin or nail infections in humans and animals, i.e. C. laciniata, C. pluriseptata and C. suttonii (de Vries et al. 1986, Ajello et al. 1980, de Vries 1962, de Hoog 2000). Sutton et al. (1991) isolated C. fusarioides from bronchial lavage fluid of human patient as Pseudomicrodochium fusarioides, then Decock et al. (2003) introduced Cyphellophora suttonii and C. fusarioides as two new combinations that segregated from Pseudomicrodochium, based on morphological features and SSU rDNA gene sequences. (from Ebrahimi )

C. artocarpi, C. guyanensis, C. jingdongensis, C. musae, C. olivacea, C. oxyspora, C. phyllostachydis and C. sessilis have been isolated from plant materials (Gams and Holubová-Jechová 1976; de Hoog et al. 1999; Decock et al. 2003; Gao et al. 2015; Yang et al. 2018). Cyphellophora artocarpi, C. musae, C. phyllostachydis and C. sessilis were reported to cause sooty blotch and flyspeck from apple, jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla, Sinobambusa tootsik), resulting in significant economic damage (Zhuang et al. 2010; Mayfield et al. 2012; Gao et al. 2015).

Based on SSU and LSU sequence data, Cyphellophora clustered in a well-supported clade within the Chaetothyriales (Feng et al. 2014). Generic and species delimitation with morphological characters, ecological traits, host distribution and phylogenetic analyses using the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), the partial β-tubulin gene (TUB2), the nuclear large subunit rDNA gene (LSU) and the DNA dependent RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1) were recently performed (Feng et al. 2014; Gao et al. 2015). The present study reconstructs the phylogeny of Cyphellophora based on analyses of combined ITS, TUB2, LSU and RPB1 sequence data (Table 4, Fig. 9). The phylogenetic tree in this study is updated with recently introduced Cyphellophora species and corresponds to previous studies (Feng et al. 2014; Gao et al. 2015). Cyphellophoroa indica and C. taiwanensis lack sequences in GenBank (4/7/2019). Cyphellophoroa hylomeconis was synonymized as Camptophora hylomeconis and C. eugeniae was synonymized as Aphanophora eugeniae (Réblová et al. 2013). Cyphellophoroa eucalypti were synonymized as C. guyanensis (Feng et al. 2014).

The phylogenetic relationships of Cyphellophora with other genera of ascomycetes and related mitosporic fungi were inferred from the analysis of the partial nuclear ribosomal DNA SSU sequences data in 2003. The analysis supports a placement of Cyphellophora in Chaetothyriales, and probably in the Herpotrichiellaceae.

Cyphellophoraceae Réblová & Unter., PLoS ONE 8(5): e63547, 10 (2013)

MycoBank number: MB 803682; Index Fungorum number: IF 803682; Facesoffungi number: FoF 10358; 26 known species.

Epiphytic, saprobic or pathogenic on a range of hosts worldwide. Colonies mostly growing slowly, pale grey-brown in the center, cream-colored, light mouse grey to dark grey, loose, cottony, woolly-velvety, margin entire, flat, straight or sharp, dark brown to olivaceous black, reverse olivaceous black, somewhat moist. Vegetative hyphae hyaline initially, pale brown or grey olivaceous when mature, septate, constrictions at the septa, straight or undulate, smooth-walled, guttulate or aguttulate, with or without oil droplets. Sexual morph: Ascomata scattered, subglobose to globose, dark brown, glabrous, thick-walled, ostiolate or ostiole inconspicuous, with or without dark superficial hyphae. Wall of ascoma multi-layered, comprising brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis and textura globulosa. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, ellipsoidal to cylindrical, ovoid to ampulliform, with a short pedicel. Ascospores 2–3-seriate, ellipsoidal to fusiform, hyaline, 1–3-septate, not constricted at the septa, narrowly round at the ends, with or without a guttule in each cell (Yang et al. 2018, Phookamsak et al. 2019). Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores absent or rarely reduced to a short cell basal to the conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, short cylindrical to flask-shaped, ampulliform, intercalary, lateral or terminal, sometimes arising at short side branches of hyphae, with indistinct sessile collarettes or short and flaring to funnel-shaped collarettes, sub-hyaline to pale olivaceous brown, producing subsequent conidia in more or less sympodial order, thin-walled. Conidia aggregated, oblong-fusoid or oblong-ovoid or triangular, 1−multi-septate or aseptate, constrictioned at the septa, hyaline to brown, straight or sometimes concave, smooth-walled, guttulate or aguttulate, with or without oil droplets, without a gelatinous sheath or appendages. Spermatial state absent. Chlamydospores absent.

Type: Cyphellophora G.A. de Vries

An isolate of Cyphellophora that was recovered from a plant host (Peperomia magnoliifolia) in Iran.

Genera
This is a list of the genera in the Cyphellophoraceae, as accepted by the GBIF, and Wijayawardene et al. 2020; Following the genus name is the taxonomic authority (those who first circumscribed the genus; standardized author abbreviations are used), year of publication, and the number of species:
 * Anthopsis – 3 spp.
 * Cyphellophora – 25 spp. (See list below)

Cyphellophora species
This is a list of the 33 species in the Cyphellophora, as accepted by Species Fungorum;


 * Cyphellophora aestiva
 * Cyphellophora ambigua
 * Cyphellophora artocarpi
 * Cyphellophora attinorum
 * Cyphellophora capiguarae
 * Cyphellophora catalaunica
 * Cyphellophora chlamydospora
 * Cyphellophora clematidis
 * Cyphellophora eucalypti
 * Cyphellophora europaea
 * Cyphellophora filicis
 * Cyphellophora fusarioides
 * Cyphellophora gamsii
 * Cyphellophora goniomatis
 * Cyphellophora guyanensis
 * Cyphellophora hongheensis
 * Cyphellophora indica
 * Cyphellophora jingdongensis
 * Cyphellophora laciniata
 * Cyphellophora livistonae
 * Cyphellophora ludoviensis
 * Cyphellophora musae
 * Cyphellophora olivacea
 * Cyphellophora oxyspora
 * Cyphellophora pauciseptata
 * Cyphellophora phyllostachydis
 * Cyphellophora pluriseptata
 * Cyphellophora reptans
 * Cyphellophora sambuci
 * Cyphellophora sessilis
 * Cyphellophora taiwanensis
 * Cyphellophora vermispora
 * Cyphellophora vietnamensis

Former species;
 * C. eugeniae = Aphanophora eugeniae, Chaetothyriaceae
 * C. hylomeconis = Camptophora hylomeconis, Chaetothyriaceae
 * C. suttonii = Pseudomicrodochium suttonii, Hypocreales