User:DavidAnstiss/Kickxellomycota

Kickxellomycota is an order of fungi within the phylum of Zoopagomyceta and subdivision Zoopagomycotina. It has the following classes;
 * Asellariomycetes - Order Asellarialles - Family Asellariaceae (1) genera
 * Barbatosporomycetes - Barbatosporales - Barbatosporaceae (1)
 * Dimargaritomycetes - Dimargaritales - Dimargaritaceae (3)
 * Harpellomycetes - Harpellales ** Harpellaceae (6)
 * Legeriomycetaceae (38)
 * Kickxellomycetes - Kickxellales - Kickxellaceae (11)
 * Ramicandelaberomycetes - Ramicandelaberales - Ramicandelaberaceae (1)

History
Tedersoo et al. in 2018, proposed a novel classification for the kingdom Fungi that was based on phylogenies and the divergence time of particular taxa. Using these criteria, they accepted 18 phyla: Aphelidiomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota.

Wijayawardene et al. (2018b) provided a detailed classification system (from phyla to genera) for basal clades of Fungi, agreeing with Tedersoo et al. (2018). Hence, Wijayawardene et al. (2018b) accepted 16 phyla viz; (Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota).

In 2020, Wijayawardene et al. 2020 noted 5 classes

The name was changed from "Harpellomycotina", because "Kickxellomycota" had an older stem (2007 compared to 2014). The order was named after the genus Kickxella, which was named in 1862 after Belgian botanist Jean Kickx (1803–1864).

Benny GL, Humber AR, Voigt K (2014) Zygomycetous Fungi: Phylum Entomophthoromycota and Subphyla Kickxellomycotina, Mortierellomycotina, Mucoromycotina, and Zoopagomycotina. The Mycota 14:209–250

Description
Thallus branched, septate, subaerial hyphae or haustorial; mycelium branched or unbranched, regularly septate, septal poresdisciform, with a lenticular plug. Asexual reproduction by 1- or 2-spored merosporangia, trichospores or arthrospores. Zygosporesglobose, biconical, or allantoid and coiled. Saprotrophic, mycoparasitic, or obligate symbionts of arthropods.

It consists of a group of filamentous fungi characterized by the formation of regularly septate hyphae and septa with median, disciform cavities containing plus. Asexual reproduction is by arthospore, merosporangia (one- or two-spored), or trichospores; and sexual reproductin by zygospores (globose, broadly fusiform, hemifusiform, or long-cylindrical and coiled). These fungi are saprobes, mycoparasites or obligate symbionts (Tedersoo et al 2018 ).

They are commonly found in the mid-gut or hindgut of various arthropods, for example, in the gut of aquatic insect larvae (Harpellales order), isopods and springtails (Asellariales) (Benny et al. 2014; Tretter et al. 2014).

Besides, their small thalli, they cannot be cultured in the laboratory without their hosts, making it difficult to study them. There are some Kickxellomycota which are insect parasitic species, for example Smittium species (in the Harpellales order). The parasitism in these species seems to have evolved secondarily from their commensalism (Naranjo-Ortiz and Gabaldon 2019 ).

Peanut specific effects were observed on the fungal community profile. Entomophthoromycota and Kickxellomycota were specifically associated with peanut and highly susceptible to salinity. RDA analysis also showed that they were strongly correlated with the NH4+-N and available potassium contents which might be responsible for the low soil nutrient availability under salt stress. From - Frontiers in Microbiology May 2021 Vol.12 article 678250

and decomposers of plant-based carbon sources.