User:DavidAnstiss/Pleurotheciales

Pleurotheciales is an order of fungi within the phylum of Ascomycota, within the class Sordariomycetes, also subclass Savoryellomycetidae and is a subdivision of Pezizomycotina.

It contains the one family Pleurotheciaceae which contains the following genera; Adelosphaeria, Anapleurothecium, Helicoascotaiwania, Melanotrigonum, Neomonodictys, Phaeoisaria, Pleurotheciella, Pleurothecium and Sterigmatobotrys.

History
Pleurotheciales was introduced based on phylogenetic analyses with combined ITS, LSU, SSU, tub2, mcm7 and rpb2 dataset (Réblová et al. 2016c), and also the monotypic family of Pleurotheciaceae which in turn comprises six genera;  viz. Adelosphaeria, Melanotrigonum, Phaeoisaria, Pleurotheciella, Pleurothecium and Sterigmatobotrys, as  well  as four  species Helicoön farinosum, Brachysporiella setosa, Phragmocephala stemphylioides and Taeniolella rudis.

Taxa belonging to Pleurotheciales cannot be successfully differentiated based on their overlapping sexual morphology. The type of conidiogenesis can, to a certain extent, delineate species into groups within the order, since conidial secession is rhexolytic or schizolytic with holoblastic, monoblastic or polyblastic (sympodially extending) conidiogenesis (Réblová et al. 2016c). Molecular data and/or cultures are essential to establish the placement of Pleurotheciales taxa (Réblová et al. 2016c). In this study, species Pleurothecium obovoideum does not cluster with other Pleurothecium species, including the type species, Pleurothecium recurvatum. This result is in agreement with Réblová et al. (2012). The divergence time for Pleurotheciales is estimated as 105 MYA (million years ago), which is evidence of family status. The status as an order may need revision following further study.

It was formed in 2016 within subclass Hypocreomycetidae.

Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2017) considered the genera Brachysporiella and Monotosporella distinct with support of multi-locus phylogenetic analysis, and placed the genera in Kirschsteiniotheliales and Pleurotheciales, respectively.

Clade III comprises members of Pleosporales (1 PP, 98% BS). The Iberian isolates related to this clade include Camposporium cambrense (FMR 12069), Dictyosporium elegans (FMR 13125), Jalapriya toruloides (FMR 11942 and FMR 12491), Monodictys sp. (FMR 12716), Trichocladium opacum (FMR 12416 and FMR 12088), and Vargamyces aquaticus (FMR 11587).

This monotypic order was recently introduced with six clades (I–VI), and represents at least 11 genera (Réblová et al. 2016b). According to our phylogenetic analyses Anapleurothecium is placed in the Pleurotheciales.

Although still located within class Sordariomycetes.

Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from nuclear ribosomal and protein-coding loci support the placement of several perithecial ascomycetes and dematiaceous hyphomycetes from freshwater and terrestrial environments in two monophyletic clades closely related to the Savoryellales. One clade formed by five species of Conioscypha, and a second clade containing several genera of uncertain taxonomic status centred on Pleurothecium, represent two distinct taxonomic groups at the ordinal systematic rank. They are proposed as new orders, the Conioscyphales and Pleurotheciales. Several taxonomic novelties are introduced in the Pleurotheciales, i.e. two new genera (Adelosphaeria and Melanotrigonum), three novel species (A. catenata, Melanotrigonum ovale, Phaeoisaria fasciculata) and a new combination (Pleurotheciella uniseptata).

Conioscyphales/Pleurotheciales/Savoryellales clade in our multilocus phylogeny. Together, they are nested in a monophyly in the Hypocreomycetidae, significantly supported by Bayesian inference and Maximum Likelihood analyses. Members of this clade share a few morphological characters, such as the absence of stromatic tissue or clypeus, similar anatomies of the 2-layered ascomatal walls, thin-walled unitunicate asci with a distinct, non-amyloid apical annulus, symmetrical, transversely septate ascospores and holoblastic conidiogenesis. They represent the only fungi in the Hypocreomycetidae with apically free, filiform to cylindrical, persistent or partially disintegrating paraphyses.

Pleurotheciales is the largest order in Savoryellomycetidae with a large proportion of species known from freshwater habitats. In order to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of taxa within Pleurotheciales and contribute to their diversity, submerged wood was collected from freshwater habitats in China (Yunnan Province) and Thailand. Two dematiaceous, sporodochial hyphomycetes and one annulatascales-like ascomycete with unusual morphology as compared to extant ones were discovered. They were subjected to DNA-based phylogenetic analyses and the results revealed three distinct lineages in Savoryellomycetidae.

Previous phylogenies inferred from sequences of the small and large subunit of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nuc18S and nuc28S rDNA) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2) revealed a close relationship among members of the Savoryellales and several terrestrial and freshwater genera of uncertain taxonomic status forming two clades, i.e. Conioscypha and a clade comprising Phaeoisaria, Pleurotheciella, Pleurothecium and Sterigmatobotrys (Réblová et al. 2012).

Pleurotheciales Réblová & Seifert, ord. nov. — MycoBank MB813228 Type family. Pleurotheciaceae Réblová & Seifert. Ascomata perithecial, non-stromatic. Ostiole periphysate. Hamathecium of paraphyses. Asci unitunicate, with a non-amyloid apical ring. Ascospores hyaline or versicolorous with polar cells hyaline and middle cells brown, transversely multiseptate. Conidiophores macronematous or semi-macronematous, loosely fasciculate or aggregated in indeterminate synnemata. Conidiogenous cells producing conidia holoblastically, monoblastic or with sympodial extension, conidial secession rhexolytic or schizolytic. Conidia hyaline or brown or versicolorous, septate or non-septate. Saprobic on wood, rarely human pathogens causing keratomycosis.

Some species of Pleurotheciales (in the Phaeoisaria genus) have moderate anti-microbial activities against several pathogens.

Distribution
It has a scattered cosmopolitan distribution, It has been found in South America as well as parts of North America, Europe, Africa, Asia, (including Japan, and China) Australia and New Zealand.