User:DavidAnstiss/Rosa roxburghii

Rosa roxburghii, (commonly known as the 'sweet chestnut rose', 'chestnut rose', 'burr rose' or 'Chinquapin Rose'), is a member of the genus Rosa and classified in the subgenus Platyrhodon, it is native to China and Japan. It is a variable climbing wild rose species native to China and Japan. It has (need short description later) It is found in mountain forests, on the banks of streams and on slopes between 500 and 1500 meters above sea level.

Three forms have been recognized: Rosa roxburghii f. roxburghii, which has double or semi-double, reddish or pink flowers 5–6 cm in diam., and Rosa roxburghii f. normalis Rehder & E. H. Wilson (in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 2: 318. 1915), which has simple, pink flowers 4–6 cm in diam. Rosa roxburghii f. hirtula (Regel) Rehder and Wilson), flowers single, pale pink or lilac-pink from Japan.

This rose was dedicated to William Roxburgh, a Scottish physician and botanist who was director of the Calcutta Botanical Garden.

It owes its vernacular name of "chestnut rose" to its fruit covered with quills like a chestnut. It is used as an ornamental garden plant, food source (edible fruit) and has medicinal uses (in folklore) and in current modern science.

Description


Shrubs diffuse, 1–2.5 m tall. Bark gray-brown; branchlets ascending-spreading, purple-brown, terete; prickles paired at nodes, mostly straight, to 5 mm, somewhat flat, abruptly narrowing to broad base. Leaves including petiole 5–11 cm; stipules mostly adnate to petiole, free parts subulate, margin glandular-pubescent; rachis and petioles with scattered small prickles; leaflets 9–15, elliptic or oblong, rarely obovate, 1–2 × 0.6–1.2 cm, glabrous, abaxially with prominent veins, conspicuously reticulate, base broadly cuneate, margin acutely simply serrulate, apex acute or rounded-obtuse. Flowers solitary, or 2 or 3 and fasciculate apically on branches, 4–6 cm in diam.; pedicel short; bracts 2 or 3, small, margin glandular-pubescent. Hypanthium depressed-globose, densely bristly. Sepals 5, usually broadly ovate, abaxially densely prickly, adaxially tomentose, pinnately lobed, apex acuminate. Petals 5, slightly fragrant, pink to rose-purple or reddish, obovate. Carpels on projected torus at base of hypanthium; styles free, not exserted, shorter than stamens, pubescent. Hip green-red, depressed-globose, 1.5–2 cm in diam., densely prickly, with persistent, erect sepals. Fl. Mar–Jul, fr. Aug–Oct.

Rosa roxburghii 'Normalis', the wild type, has leaves with 7 to 15 leaflets 1 to 2 cm long, and large single white flowers. Stalks, calyxes and even fruits are covered with spines. Rosa roxburghii Plena with double flowers was found in gardens in China Rosa roxburghii 'Hirtula' on the back of hairy leaves

Genus: Rosa   This species produces single medium pink blossoms with decorative indents at the tips of the petals. It blooms in spring, followed by hips that age to brown. In the winter, its bark peels in shades of brown and beige. It grows 6 to 10 feet high and 6 feet wide.

It is pink, very full flowered rose with sweet but light fragrance. Once the flowers open from mossy looking buds, they are followed by bristly hips that resemble chestnut burrs. The stems and leaves are also different from those of most other roses. This is an unusual specimen plant that does well in zones 6-9. it repeat blooms off and on throughout the season and grows to 5-7 ft tall.

flowers double, pink darker in the centre,

f normalis r wilson spreading shrub with rather stiff stems to 5m or more, with peeling grey or pale brown bark, bearing few straight hooked prickles in pairs at the nodes, stipules narrow, united leaves deciduous 5-10 cm, leaflets usually 9-15 (rarely 7 or 17-19) narrowly ovate to obovate. 1-2. on 5cm acute or obtuse, hairless both sides, margins with simple teeth, bracts falling early, receptacle prickly, flowers usually solitary, single fragrant 5-7.5cm across, sepals with lateral lobes, downy and prickly on the back, erect and persistent in fruit, petals mid-pink to deep pink, styles free, not protruding, fruit flattened-spherical, yellow-green 3-4 cm, prickly s china japan h4 summer

r r f normalis - unusual chines rose easily recognized by its numerous small leaflets and its hips, which are covered with green spines and topped by large, leafy sepals. The flowers are large and in various shades of pink in the wild form, or very double in an ancient cultivated chinese form. Eventually it makes a small rugged tree with attractive reddish-brown, peeling bark. The twigs have very few thorns, the leaves have nine to 19 leaflets.

Bloom: Rose-pink to blush. 5 petals. Single (4-8 petals) bloom form. Once-blooming spring or summer. Habit: Height of 6' (185 cm). Width of 6' (185 cm). Produces decorative hips.

5 petals medium pink height 36'' June The chestnut rose or Burr Rose Mossy buds open into lightly fragrant flowers up to 3 inches (7.5cm) across Pale brown bark on prickly came contrasts to many leaflet leaves. Unusual, prickly, orange yellow hips up to 1.5'' (4cm) across.

It is an unusual variety, bearing solitary, single, three inch flowers; the stalks and calyces being covered with prickles. The flowers are pale pink, fading to almost white, each with a mass of golden stamens. They are followed by large, round, yellow-green hips covered with bristles – hence the name ‘the Chestnut Rose’. It forms a vigorous shrub with stiff, angular branches and attractive flaking bark, giving an unusual effect. The long leaves are divided into up to fifteen, evenly arranged leaflets. Below each leaf is a pair of strong, hooked thorns. In cultivation prior to 1814. 7 x 7 ft.

Family: Rosaceae Flowering period: Late spring Eventual Height: 2.5m Eventual Spread: 2m Rosa roxburghii is a deciduous shrub with a clump forming habit. Its dark green leaves are odd pinnate, up to 11 cm long with up to 15 leaflets. Its leaflets are elliptic with serrate margins, up to 2 cm long and 1 cm broad. Its stems are thorny and cinnamon colored bark peels in shades of beige and brown. Its fragrant pink flowers are single, contain five petals, are up to 6 cm across. Its fruit are large thorny green/ yellow hips.

roxburgh rose, like no other shrub rose with peeling, grey-tan bark that adds year round interest, and clear light lavender-pink flowers that open in early summer.fruits of both are reddish, 4cm across, and very prickly but adds interest in the autumn.

Deciduous Shrub Height:120 cm (4 feet) Flowering: June

r r 'normalis' page 59, bloom pink, bloom size 3'', height 15 ft, flaky ornamental bark, single clear pink blooms, early each season,

Height: 36-48 in. (90-120 cm) - 4-6 ft. (1.2-1.8 m) Bloom Color: Medium pink (mp) Bloom Shape: Double Flower Fragrance: Very Fragrant Bloom Time: Late Spring/Early Summer

lightly fragrant shrub rose foliage is delicately divided and the flower buds and hips bear numerous bristles, resembling horse chestnut fruits

Rosa roxburghii is a deciduous Shrub growing to 1.2 m (4ft) by 1.2 m (4ft in). It is in flower in June, and the seeds ripen in August. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees.

Two forms may be recognized: f. roxburghii, which has double or semi-double, reddish or pink flowers 5–6 cm in diam., and f. normalis Rehder & E. H. Wilson (in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 2: 318. 1915), which has simple, pink flowers 4–6 cm in diam. The specific epithet was spelled “roxbourgii” in the protologue.

The flowers have a fruity perfume. The mature fruits smell like ripe pineapples.

a thorny plant rich in vitamin C

fruit yellow-green and prickly r r flowers double pink, darker in the centre, originally introduced from chinese gardens, rarely grown

burr rose, chestnut rose, ch compact, bushy species rose with flaky bark and narrow, light to mid-green leaves, often up to 7-11 leaflets, h and s 2m (6ft) produces solitary rosette-shaped, double lilac-pink flowers, 8 cm across, from summer to late autumn, followed by very prickly hips which remain green until they fall of in late summer h6

Bloom Time Spring  Flower Color Pink

Rosa roxburghii, single pale-pink flowers followed by decorative hips (5m x 5m);

which puts it at the top of everyone's list and The plants reach close to 7 feet tall with an equal spread,

Stems are very thorny Sets hips

Taxonomy
R. roxburghii is also known commonly as the the 'Sweet Chestnut Rose', the 'Chestnut Rose', the 'Burr Rose', and the 'Chinquapin Rose'.

It gets its common name 'Chestnut Rose' from the large burred hips that look like chestnuts.

It is written as 缫丝花 in Chinese script and known as sao si hua in China, or 'pindsvinrose' in Danish and 'fylld igelkottsros' in Swedish.

It is pronounced as ROE-sah roks-BURG-ee-eye. or 'ROW-suh rocks-BURG-ee-eye'.

It was originally found in china in the early 1800s, where it had been growing for generations, and it is rarely grown in European gardens. It was introduced to the botanic garden in Calcutta around 1824. and Trattinick published this name change in 'Rosacearum monographia' on page 233 in 1823. Rosacearum monographia (or The 'Monograph of the Rose Family') covered generic and species descriptions of plants in the rose family, although it was not illustrated.

The specific epithet was spelled “roxbourgii” in the protologue, but roxburghii is more commonly used.

The etymological root of the binomial name Rosa is from the ancient Latin name for the rose. The Latin specific epithet of Roxburghii was named after John Roxburgh (1770s–1820s), an occasional overseer of Calcutta Botanic Garden.

It was verified as Rosa roxburghii by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 15 February 1996, and is listed as Rosa roxburghii in the Encyclopedia of Life.

Rosa roxburghii f. normalis is an accepted name by the RHS and listed in the RHS Plant Finder book.

It is still often sold under name 'rosa roxburghii 'plena'. Advertised as a medium pink double form. Also a deeper pink version is available from nurseries.

It belongs to the section 'Microphyllae' which also includes the Japanese species, r. hirtula.

After gene sequencing was carried out it was found that R. roxburghii is closely related to Rosa odorata var. gigantea.

This species was first described from a double-flowered form, so the typical species (which is single-flowered) is called R. roxburghii f. normalis.

Varieties
There are two common Infraspecific forms:

It has single, fragrant, mid-pink to deep pink flowers, 4 - 7.5 cm in diameter that bloom in the summer. The blooms are on rather sturdy stems with peeling grey or pale brown bark which are up to 5m or more long. The stem have a few straight hooked prickles located in pairs at the nodes. It has usually 9-15 deciduous leaflets, which are narrowly ovate to obovate shaped and 5 - 10 cm long. They are hairless on both sides. It has flattened spherical, yellow-green 3-4 cm long, prickly fruit. It is hardy in USDA zones 7-9. It is diploid (2 cell) species used for rose breeding, and is listed in the RHS Plant Finder and is an accepted name by the RHS. Sometimes just called Rosa roxburghii normalis.
 * Rosa roxburghii f. normalis Rehder & E.H. Wilson, was originally discovered by Carl Johann Maximowicz in Japan and then specimens where then also found in China in 1908 by E.H. Wilson. It was then published by Rehder & E.H.Wilson in 'Plantae wilsonianae' Vol. 1911 on page 318 in 1915. It has the synonym Rosa microphylla Pamp.


 * Rosa roxburghii f. roxburghii, from west China, it has double or semi-double flowers, pink to reddish, 5 - 6 cm in diameter, has prickly buds, blooms between spring and summer, bush grows up to 6ft tall and has only a few fruits, that are 1 - 1.5 in long and depressed globose shaped. It was last-listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2017 and is an RHS Accepted name. It is a vigorous shrub and hardy in USDA zones 6-9.

Another form is also mentioned in some places. Rosa roxburghii f. hirtula (Regel) Rehder and Wilson) with pale pink, or lilac pink flowers, foliage pubescent beneath, and leaflets are elliptic to oblong-elliptic and downy beneath. Found prior to 1980. It comes from Japan, and is an RHS accepted name and ,

This is more likely to be Rosa hirtula (Regel) Nakai, a separate species which is an accepted name by The Plant List (of Kew Gardens), but Germplasm Resources Information Network states Rosa hirtula (Regel) Nakai is as synonym of Rosa roxburghii Tratt. var. hirtula (Regel) Rehder & E. H. Wilson. Rosa hirtula is similar in form to R. roxburghii Tratt., particularly to the single-flowered form, R. roxburghii f. normalis Rehder & E. H. Wils., and is distinguished by its tree-like habit, hairy rachis, and lanceolate to narrowly oblong leaflets with acuminate to acuminate-acute apex, serrulate margins, and hairy midveins on the lower surface.

Distribution and habitat
Rosa roxburghii is native to temperate areas of eastern asia, within China and Japan.

Range
Found within China, it is found in the provinces of Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hunan, Hubei, Gansu, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi and Xinjiang.

Habitat
It is found growing in various habitats including; Mountain forests, thickets, slopes, stream sides, semi-arid river valleys, waysides, and on roadsides. In China, it is commonly found on banks between rice fields, where it can obtain plenty of water during the summer.

They can be found at an altitude of 500 - 2500 m above sea level.

Ecology
Rosa roxburghii flowers are attractive to pollinating insects and its hips are attractive to birds during the winter months.

It can be companion planted with alliums, parsley, mignonette and lupins. Although it is not suitable to be grown with boxwood.

Garlic planted nearby can help protect the plant from disease and insect predation.

Cultivation


It is thought to be an extremely tough rose, and can tolerate high heat and humidity. It is hardy to between USDA Zones 4 to 9,  (i.e. where minimum temperatures are between −30 °F (−34 °C) and −6 °C to -3.8 °C). Safer hardy zoning is between 6 and 9 (between -23.3 °C (-10 °F) to -3.8 °C (25 °F)). It is also hardy to (UK) Zone 5, between -15 to -10. It will be damaged by temperatures below -10°C for any length of time.

It prefers to grow in soils that are fertile, moist and well drained,  It tolerates most pH levels of soil. It can grow in most soils, including light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. It only does poorly in water-logged soils.

It prefers positions in full sun or partial shade. Generally most Roses species need five to six hours of direct sun each day. Morning sun is needed, but afternoon shade is tolerated.

Within a garden, it can be used in a semi-wild or informal area, or more commonly used within an informal hedge.

It prefers to be situated where it can get good air circulation around the plant, and the removal of fallen leaves will help prevent disease.

Pruning
Rosa roxburghii requires little maintenance but essential pruning should be carried out once flowering has finished. Although the effects of pruning mean that no hips will follow.

It can be pruned lightly or shoots cut back up to 1/3 and reducing side shoots by 1/2 to 1/3. Also any damaged, sick or dead shoots should be removed. To renovate after the shrub has become 'wild', prune one in four or five shoots from the base.

Pests and diseases
It is prone to many problems that most rosa species suffer from such as: Aphids, leafhoppers, spider mites, scale, caterpillars, sawfly larvae, cane borers, Japanese beetles, rose stem girders, rose midges, rose slugs, rose chafers, leaf-cutting bees, black spot, crown gall, canker, die-back, downy mildew and some viruses.

Plants in this genus are also notably susceptible to honey fungus.

It was prone to powdery mildew, with young leaves becoming deformed, but has been bred since 2005 with powdery mildew resistance.

It is also resistant to black spot and to rust.

Propagation
Rosa roxburghii can be propagated in two main ways either growing from seed or by cuttings, either softwood or hardwood.

Seed
Rosa roxburghii can also be propagated by seed, but it often takes two years to for the seed to germinate.

It is thought, that this is due to the seed going through a winter cold and then through a warm summer would reduce the seed-coat and mature the embryo inside. An alternative is to scarify the seed, for 6 weeks at 5°c before growing in damp peat for 2 - 3 weeks at temperatures of around 27 - 32°c (so that the seed should have imbibed or taken-in water). The next stage, is to reduce the temperature to 3°c for the next 4 months before it should show signs of germinating. Another possible method, is to collect seed directly from the rose before it has dried (like other normal seed collection), this 'green' seed is sown and should germinate in the late winter.

After germination, the seedlings are pricked out or transplanted into individual pots when they are large enough to handle. One the young plants have reached 25cm tall, they are then ready to e planted in the garden or grow on in a cold frame during the winter and then planted out in late spring. It will need a warm position and takes some years to flower when grown from seed.

Cuttings
Rosa roxburghii can be propagated by cuttings using half-ripe wood (also known as softwood) with a heel, still attached in July, or between spring and summer. They are placed in a shaded frame, then overwinter within the frame and then plant out in late spring. Cuttings can also be taken of mature wood, or hardwood, after a current seasons growth, or in the fall. In both cases pencil thick shoots are chosen, which are about 20-25 cm long then they are planted in a sheltered position outdoors or in a cold frame. The cuttings can take up to 12 months to establish but a high percentage of them normally succeed. Division of suckers in the dormant season. Plant them out direct into their permanent positions. Grafting and Layering are other methods of propagation but they can take up to 12 months to work.

In 2005, a micro-propagation system based on axillary bud proliferation was developed in China.

Hybrids
It will hybridizes easily with other rosa genus species.

Known named Hybrids;
 * 'Chateau de la Juvenie',
 * 'Imbricata',
 * 'Triumph of the Guillotière', was obtained by Jean-Baptiste Guillot in 1863 (Rosa roxburghii × Rosa × odorata ) - has smooth bark, pale pink double flowers, which are fragrant.
 * Rosa x Coryana, a hybrid between R. roxburghii and Rose macrophylla,  - strong growing, grows up to 2.5m x 2m, stout canes which branch horizontally and reddish brown bark, flowers early summer, large blooms of deep pink with yellow stamens with many heavily veined leaflets. It is accepted by the RHS.

Uses
Rosa roxburghii has various uses including; as an ornamental (within gardens), as a food source (edible fruit or fruit drink) and medicinal use (in folklore and current research).

The edible fruit are very rich in vitamins and have a sweet, sour taste; they are used medicinally and to ferment wine. The roots are also used medicinally. The species is also cultivated for ornament, for its showy flowers, or as a hedge because of its abundant prickles.

Food source
Rosa roxburghii and Rosa sterilis both have edible fruit and have been eaten since 1765 A.D.

The fruit / rosehips can be eaten raw or cooked, and has a sweet sour taste. The fruit is very rich in vitamins, including Vitamin E. and rich in vitamin C, The content of Vitamin C is much higher than other kinds of fruits such as grape, apple, pear and dahurian rose fruit. The vitamin content is 5-7 % (per 100mg of fruit). It also has higher content vitamin P than other common vegetables and fruits. Unusually for a fruit, it is also a known source of essential fatty acids.

In 2016, the phytochemical characteristics of the fruit were investigated. A total of 135 volatile compounds were identified, a total of 59 compounds in methanol extracts were identified, including 13 organic acids (including ascorbic acid), 12 flavonoids, 11 triterpenes, nine amino acids, five phenylpropanoid derivatives, four condensed tannins, two stilbenes, two benzaldehyde derivatives and one benzoic acid derivative. Roxbins A and B were also found in the fruit.

There is only a thin layer of edible flesh surrounding the many seeds. It can be ground into a powder, and mixed with flour or added to other foods as a supplement. Be sure to remove the seed hairs. In China, it is the commercial source of rosehip powder.

R. roxburghii fruit has seen a rise in patent applications for methods to produce juice. The juice, wine, and the preserved fruit can be used as a dietary supplement, in many health-related industries. A rose jelly formula has been found.

While being edible, there are some hazards of eating Rosa roxburghii. There is a layer of hairs around the seeds just beneath the flesh of the fruit. These hairs can cause irritation to the mouth and digestive tract if ingested.

Medicinal use
It is used in Chinese traditional medicine, and called 'Cili', and used as fruit juice remedy.

In Compendium of Materia Medica (written in 1578), the fruits can alleviate mental depression and remove stagnated food.

It is used in health supplements because of its strong anti-oxidation, circulatory and cardiovascular tonic properties, gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive functions, including anti-aging, free radical scavenging, immunologic regulation, stress tolerance, anti-inflammation, anti-virus, anti-aging, anti-fatigue effects and to enhance immunity. Also has anti-mutagenic, anti-atherogenic and anti-tumor effects, as well as genoprotective and radioprotective activities. Due to being rich in tannins it is also used as an astringent.

A controlled feeding study in 2005 found that a supplement increases plasma antioxidant capacity and glutathione redox state.

In modern medicine, it has been undergoing various experimental tests and pharmacological studies, including gene sequencing, extracts have demonstrated anti-arteriosclerosis activity and benefits for cholesterol levels that support its use for cardiovascular disorders. Also seems to have rejuvenation, immune supportive and anti-cancer effects.

Other sources

 * Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource) URL: www.skud.info
 * Backer, C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink, Jr. 1963-1968. Flora of Java. Note: cult.
 * Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
 * Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage
 * Grierson, A. J. C. & D. J. Long. 1984-. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim.
 * Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
 * Jiangsu Inst. Bot., ed. v. 1; Shan. R. H., ed. v. 2. 1977-1982. Jiangsu Zhiwuzhi (Flora of Jiangsu).
 * Krüssmann, G. 1984. Manual of cultivated broad-leaved trees and shrubs (English translation of Handbuch der Laubgehölze. 1976)
 * Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third.
 * Personal Care Products Council. INCI
 * Rehder, A. 1949. Bibliography of cultivated trees and shrubs.
 * Saakov, S. G. & D. Rieksta. 1973. Rozy. 144.
 * Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986-2000. European garden flora.
 * Wen, X.P. and X.X. Deng 2005. Micropropagation of Chestnut Rose (Rosa Roxburghii Tratt.) and assessment of genetic stability in in-vitro plants using RAPD and AFLP markers, Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 80, 54-60
 * Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition)



roxburghii ;Category:Flora of China ;Category:Flora of Japan ;Category:Flora of Asia ;Category:Medicinal plants ;Category:Edible plants ;Category:Ornamental plants ;Category:Plants described in 1920