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Temporary article, working on it!

"Hindu-Arabic numerals have their roots in India sometime before 300 BC. It is believed they evolved into a genuine place-value system in the 6th century AD. (Flegg, Graham, editor. Numbers through the ages. Macmillan, 1989., p.106)"

http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/%7Ehistory/Diagrams/Indian_num_3.gif

Clawson, Calvin C. _The Mathematical Traveler: Exploring the Grand History of Numbers_. Plenum Press, New York, 1994.

Conant, Levi Leonard. _The Number Concept, its Origin and Development_. Macmillan, New York, 1896, 1923.

Hurford, J. R. _The Linguistic Theory of Numerals_. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1975.









1. G Ifrah, A universal history of numbers : From prehistory to the invention of the computer (London, 1998). 2. G G Joseph, The crest of the peacock (London, 1991). 3. R Kaplan, The nothing that is : a natural history of zero (London, 1999). 4. L C Karpinski, The history of arithmetic (New York, 1965). 5. K W Menninger, Number words and number symbols : A cultural history of numbers (Boston, 1969). 6. D E Smith and L C Karpinski, The Hindu-Arabic numerals (Boston, 1911).

Articles

7. R C Gupta, Spread and triumph of Indian numerals, Indian J. Hist. Sci. 18 (1) (1983), 23-38.  8. L Y Lam, Linkages : exploring the similarities between the Chinese rod numeral system and our numeral system, Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 37 (4) (1987), 365-392.  9. J S Pettersson, Indus numerals on metal tools, Indian J. Hist. Sci. 34 (2) (1999), 89-108. 10. R K Sarma, A note on the use of words for numbers in ancient Indian mathematics, Math. Education 7 (1973), A44-A45. 11. K Vogel, Uses of letters and Indian numerals in Byzantium (Greek), Neusis No. 5 (1996), 75-81; 170.