User:Deezytings/Psychological resistance

''The talk page suggests a rename and notes the essentialness of this concept in regards to psychoanalysis. There are a variety of sources however there is a note that questions the tone of the article.''

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Psychological resistance, also known as psychological resistance to change, is the phenomenon often encountered in clinical practice in which patients either directly or indirectly exhibit paradoxical opposing behaviors in presumably a clinically initiated push and pull of a change process. In other words, the concept of psychological resistance is that patients are likely to resist physician suggestions to change behavior or accept certain treatments regardless of whether that change will improve their condition. It impedes the development of authentic, reciprocally nurturing experiences in a clinical setting. ' Psychological resistance can manifest in various ways, such as denying the existence or severity of a problem, rationalizing or minimizing one’s responsibility for it, rejecting or distrusting the therapist’s or consultant’s suggestions, withholding or distorting information, or sabotaging the treatment process (Leahy, 2003). ' It is established that the common source of resistances and defenses is shame. This and similar negative attitudes may be the result of social stigmatization of a particular condition, such as psychological resistance towards insulin treatment of diabetes.

Examples of psychological resistance may include perfectionism, criticizing, disrespectful attitude, being self-critical, preoccupation with appearance, social withdrawal, need to be seen as independent and invulnerable, or an inability to accept compliments or constructive criticism. ''' Resistance can be very high, such as inducing conflict, or low such as conceding to everything. In order to fully understand psychological resistance one must understand its roots. '''

Realistic Resistance
Realistic resistance is the understanding of the conscious and deliberate aspect of psychological resistance in therapeutic treatment. "Realistic resistance refers to clients’ conscious, deliberate opposition to therapeutic initiatives that they fail to understand or accept". There are several things an individual may disagree with in the therapy setting that can lead to realistic psychological resistance, such as general therapeutic technique or words and phrases utilized by a physician or therapist.

Realistic resistance can be identified by behavioral markers. Some examples include avoidance of certain lines of questioning, outright refusal to cooperate, and sudden loss of effort and interest during sessions. ' Realistic resistance can have negative consequences for the therapeutic process and outcome, such as reducing client engagement, motivation, and adherence to treatment (Austin & Johnson, 2017) because of avoidance of certain lines of questioning, outright refusal to cooperate, and sudden loss of effort and interest during sessions. Therefore, it is important for therapists to identify the above mentioned behavioral markers to address realistic resistance in a collaborative and empathic manner (Austin & Johnson, 2017). '

Strategies to Address realistic resistance
 To manage realistic resistance, it is important to ensure that the client is kept in the loop which cab be done by  Explaining the rationale and evidence for the therapeutic approach and techniques (Austin & Johnson, 2017. This could be achieved by inviting feedback and questions from the client (Austin & Johnson, 2017.) Additionally, therapists often use motivational interviewing techniques to elicit the client’s reasons for change, explore ambivalence, and enhance self-efficacy (Austin & Johnson, 2017). Adapting the language and style of communication to match the client’s preferences, needs, and level of understanding as well as involving the client in setting goals and choosing interventions, and offering choices and alternatives when possible also helps validate the client’s feelings, thereby lowering the resistance (Austin and Johnson, 2017). These strategies help in reframing resistance as a sign of strength, and highlighting the client’s autonomy and responsibility for change (Austin and Johnson, 2017) 

Interpersonal resistance
Resistance is based on instinctively autonomous ways of reacting in which clients both reveal and keep hidden aspects of themselves from the therapist or another person. These behaviors occur mostly during therapy, in interaction with the therapist. It is a way of avoiding and yet expressing unacceptable drives, feelings, fantasies, and behavior patterns.

Examples of causes of resistance include: resistance to the recognition of feelings, fantasies, and motives; resistance to revealing feelings toward the therapist; resistance as a way of demonstrating self-sufficiency; resistance as clients' reluctance to change their behavior outside the therapy room; resistance as a consequence of failure of empathy on the part of the therapist. It is important for therapists to identify and manage interpersonal resistance in a sensitive and collaborative manner.

Examples of the expression of resistance are canceling or rescheduling appointments, avoiding consideration of identified themes, forgetting to complete homework assignments, and the like. This will make it more difficult for the therapist to work with the client, but it will also provide him with information about the client.

Strategies to manage Interpersonal Resistance:
Some strategies that can help therapists deal with interpersonal resistance include exploring the meaning and function of the resistance for the client, and how it relates to their interpersonal patterns and goals; Providing feedback and interpretation about the resistance and its impact on the therapy relationship, and inviting the client’s response and perspective; Using empathy and validation to acknowledge the client’s feelings and concerns, and to convey understanding and acceptance; Using humor and paradox to diffuse tension and challenge the client’s assumptions or behaviors in a non-threatening way; Negotiating and compromising with the client about the pace, direction, and focus of therapy, and respecting their autonomy and preferences (Gelso & Hayes, 2007): By using these strategies, therapists can reduce interpersonal resistance and enhance the therapeutic relationship with their clients, which can facilitate change and improve outcomes.

State and trait resistance (situational and characteristic)
Resistance is an automatic and unconscious process. According to Van Denburg and Kiesler, it can be either for a certain period of time (state resistance) but it can also be a manifestation of more longstanding traits or character (trait resistance).

''' Trait resistance refers to the stable tendency to resist change or challenge, regardless of the situation or the content of therapy (Beutler et al., 2002). Both state and trait resistance can interfere with the therapeutic alliance, the client’s engagement, and the client’s progress (Beutler et al., 2002; Beutler & Harwood, 2000). '''

In psychotherapy, state resistance can occur at a certain moment, when an anxiety-provoking experience is triggered. Trait resistance, on the other hand, repeatedly occurs during sessions and interferes with the task of therapy. The client shows a pattern of off-task behaviors that makes the therapist experience some level of negative emotion and cognition against the client. Therefore the maladaptive pattern of interpersonal behavior and the therapist's response interfere with the task or process of therapy. This ‘state resistance' is cumulative during sessions and its development can best be prevented by empathic interventions on the therapist's part.

Outside therapy, trait resistance in a client is demonstrated by distinctive patterns of interpersonal behavior, which are often caused by typical patterns of communication with significant others, like family, friends, and partners.

Strategies to manage State and Trait Resistance:
 Some strategies that can help therapists cope with state and trait resistance include matching the therapeutic approach and techniques to the client’s level of resistance, readiness for change, and preferred mode of coping; using cognitive restructuring techniques to challenge the client’s irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions, or self-defeating thoughts that contribute to resistance; using exposure techniques to help the client face their fears, anxieties, or discomforts that underlie resistance, and using paradoxical techniques to use the client’s resistance as a therapeutic tool, such as prescribing the symptom, reframing the problem, or exaggerating the consequences .

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