User:Deisenbe/sandbox/Jacob Ezekiel

Jacob Ezekiel
Jacob Ezekiel (June 20, 1812–May 16, 1899) was a Jewish merchant and leader of the Jewish community in antebellum Richmond, Virginia. In Cincinnati after the war, he was for many years Secretary of the Board of Hebrew Union College, and a charter member of B'nai B'rith, the first national Jewish organization. He was described as a good writer and a well-read man, who possessed the complete works of Maimonides. He was the father of Moses Jacob Ezekiel (1844–1917), who became America's most famous sculptor.

Jacob's grandfather, Eleazar Israel, was a sofer (Jewish scribe); a Torah he copied is owned by synagogue Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia. His Ashkenazic parents, Ezekiel Jacob Ezekiel and Rebecca Israel, came from Amsterdam, Holland, (a Sephardic center), to Philadelphia, where Jacob was born, two years before his birth. His mother died when he was 6, and he continued growing up in the house of his ubcle, Michael E. Cohen. At age 13 he started a 7-year apprenticeship as a bookbinder]] The apprenticeship completed, he set up a book-binding business in Baltimore (1833–34), where he founded the Hebrew Benevolent Society of Baltimore. In 1834 he moved to Richmond, following his father, who had already moved there.

In Richmond
In Richmond he married Catherine Myers Castro (February 28, 1819–1891), a Sephardic Jew born in Amsterdam, Holland, on June 10, 1835. He entered the dry-goods business at 41 Main Street with first one, then another brother-in-law; then he was in the business alone. According to his son Moses, "My father was so very good-hearted that he ruined himself by signing bonds for some of his relatives who afterwards failed in business. That reduced my parents to absolute poverty for a long time." As a result of his financial situation, his son Moses grew up living with Jacob's parents, Moses' grandparents.

The dry-goods store sold, among other things, suits and women's dresses for slaves about to be sold. Jacob and his wife also owned a few slaves. He also was a cotton merchant.

He was Secretary and Treasurer of Richmond's first synagogue, Kahal Kadosh Beth Shalome, "The Congregation of the House of Peace", which was Sephardic.

He was part of the "management" of annual balls "in aid of a Hebrew school fund", the first one of which was in 1847. He was a trustee of the "Hebrew and English Institute of the City of Richmond", incorporated in 1848 but closed three years later "for want of proper patronage". He was also a trustee of the "Hebrew Beneficial Society" of Richmond, chartered in 1851.

In short, Jacob was "spokesman of the Jews of Richmond"; "he was prominently identified in all matters of Jewish interest" in Richmond. It is from his article "The Jews of Richmond" that we learn of their early history, since, as he tells us, records were lost in the Richmond fire of 1864. It was through his newspaper articles and other activities that Jews were exrmpted

Jacob's "business houses having been burnt", he found it advisable to leave Richmond. His last known advertisement for his business appeared in the January 27, 1867, issue of the Richmond Dispatch. In December 1867 he was a delegate representing Richmond in the Conservative Convention of Virginia, "the Convention of the white people of Virginia, who are the people of Virginia", whose stated "object" was "to organize a white man's party". On April 8, 1868, the family moved as a group to Cincinnati, where his daughter Hannah Workum, wife of Levi J. Workum, had been living for some years.

In Cincinnati
In Cincinnati, Joseph became a member of synagogue Bene Israel, Cincinnati's first synagogue. and was a member of the delegation of 7 representing the synagogue at the Council of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations in Cleveland in 1874.{{cite news
 * url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29678454/meeting_of_the_council_of_the_union_of/

bene israel representatibes to council The American Israelite (Cincinnati, Ohio) 19 Jun 1874, Fri Page P6 https://www.newspapers.com/image/531518407/?terms=%22Jacob%2BEzekiel%22 https://www.newspapers.com/image/530286230/?terms=%22Jacob%2BEzekiel%22

Proceedings of the council he American Israelite (Cincinnati, Ohio) 24 Jul 1874, Fri Page P5 https://www.newspapers.com/image/530283806/?terms=%22Jacob%2BEzekiel%22

philidaelphia board union hebrew congregations, all officers from cincin secretary of board of hebrew college Richmond Dispatch (Richmond, Virginia) 13 Jul 1877, Fri Page 3 https://www.newspapers.com/image/466330033/?terms=%22Jacob%2BEzekiel%22

1885 palatial house https://www.newspapers.com/image/530310815/?terms=%22Jacob%2BEzekiel%22

, he and later, in Cincinnati, was Secretary of the Board of Hebrew Union College.

Moses had three brothers and eight sisters; another source says he had 4 brothers and 9 sisters; {{rp|3}} at least one was stillborn. {{rp|88}} He was the 7th child; {{rp|3}} another source says he was 5th of 14. {{rp|14}} Although he was not observant as an adult, he was brought up as an observant Jew by his grandparents, where his parents sent him because of financial problems. {{rp|3}} {{rp|85, 101}}

At their golden wedding anniversary, in 1885, they had 13 living children, 39 grandchildren, and 1 great-grandchild.

Chad
Sylvia Jackson Gaskins daughter of Guy
 * "My father, James Mallory Nash, who grew up here in Warrenton, …said that when he was a young man, he was uptown, and under these courthouse steps, he saw a dead body that was supposed to been a black man that had been lynched." (Arthur "Bunny" Nash)
 * "There was a lynching right over the mountain. Yeah, there was a lynching over the mountain. …All these gangs of them everywhere hunting him then. And they hunted that fellow and they caught him on the mountain. " (Guy Jackson, 1895–1980, recorded in 1973)


 * Earl, and then there was John, and Carlisle, from what I understood all three of them lynched him. (Mary Herrell)

Daniel Heath de Butts

34.01 "They did it all. You know, they pulled his nails out, teeth out, they castrated him, they set him on fire, of course the article says he was shot, obviously lynched.… Nobody ever made it sound like it lasted for great gobs of time [searching for him], they just, you know, caught him, and he was hung." (Jeff Urbanski), great neohew of the de Butts brothers

He was lynched. (Julia Clay Mopkins, his niece)

Melvin "poe, 1920-2014, grandson of tge sheriff

Eritaña
http://www.galeon.com/juliodominguez/2007/eritana.html

MCC
on [[
 * 2008? new hope http://www.jim-mommie-gallagher.memory-of.com
 * 2010 https://www.newspapers.com/image/206745616/
 * 2013 http://bilerico.lgbtqnation.com/2013/06/faith_and_community_at_church_of_our_savior_mcc.php
 * 2015 Copas http://southfloridagaynews.com/Community/church-of-our-savior-mcc-installs-interim-pastor.html
 * 2018 http://southfloridagaynews.com/Local/mcc-church-in-boynton-beach-concerned-about-vandals-break-ins.html
 * http://churchofoursaviormcc.org/History.htm
 * https://m.facebook.com/churchofoursaviormccboyntonbeach
 * storefront in Boca. http://sunshinecathedral.org/sunburst/2017/Order%20of%20Worship%20%26%20SB%2020170115.pdf
 * http://usedtobeapizzahut.blogspot.com/2015/01/church-of-our-savior-in-boynton-beach-fl.html

https://www.newspapers.com/search/#query=Church+of+our+savior&s_place=Fort+Lauderdale%2C+Florida https://www.newspapers.com/image/239115167/?terms=Church%2Bof%2Bour%2Bsavior&match=1 https://www.newspapers.com/image/285570738/?terms=Church+of+our+savior https://www.newspapers.com/image/238933602/?terms=Church%2Bof%2Bour%2Bsavior&match=1

View Renwick Bell's profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. Renwick has 3 jobs listed on their profile. ... Church of Our Savior, MCC. September 2005 - June 2014 8 ...

Laurens riot
The Laurens riot took place on October 20, 1870, the day after elections, the federal troops overseeing the electoral process having withdrawn. At the time racial tensions in South Carolina were high; blacks were given the right to vote, for the first time, in the Constitution of 1868, but much conflict over a the electoral process took place, especially in the upland counties. South Carolina's governor, Robert Kingston Scott, was a former Union general. As in other former Confederate states, blacks were organized by the Republican governments into "black militias", since without them, blacks were defenseless against actions by angry former (white) Confederates.

https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/01/the-many-black-americans-who-held-public-office-during-reconstruction-in-southern-states-like-south-carolina.html

vol. 3, p. 1302 vol. 3: (to 597) https://archive.org/details/insurrectionstate03goverich/page/xviii

vol. 4 598- https://archive.org/details/reportofjointsel04unit/page/598

Crews: https://archive.org/details/reportofjointsel04unit/page/1144

vol. 5 1283- https://archive.org/details/reportofjointsel05unit/page/n5

https://archive.org/details/reportofjointsel05unit/page/1304

1317: standing on a volcano

In Laurens, Men https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28966632/racial_conflict_in_laurens_south/ Sat, Oct 22, 1870 – Page 2 &middot; The Daily Phoenix (Columbia, Richland, South Carolina, United States of America) AFFRAY IN LAURENS.-SENSA? TIONAL REPORTS.-Pr?yate letters receiv? ed in thia city, yesterday, from New? berry, Btnte that a difficulty ocenrred in Laurens, on Thursday, while members of tho State Constabulary were attempt? ing to arrest a Teuueaseean. Shots were exchanged, and it is rnmoredover that thc two constables were killed and othci parties wounded-Joe Crows among them. There are many rumors afloat, and ranch excitement. Several colored persons, who had arrived in Newberry, report thnt four of their race bad been killed. Tho conductor of thc freight train, which left Newberry at 4 o'clook, report? that a crank car bad arrived at Helenf from Laurens, with young Crews aboard, who asserted that ono whito and fonr co lorcd men had been killed, and that bi: father had disappeared. Constable Hubbard has been fnrnishec with the following information by on&lt; of his deputies: "About half-past ll o'clock, on Thurs day, a party of about 100 armed met proceeded to the residence of Mr. Jos Crews, in Laurens, where a number o arms belonging to the colored militii were deposited, and carried them oil Deputy Constables Tyler and Halo, win were in charge, were killed. It is ro ported that Volney Perrott, another do puty, was wounded. Deputy Constabl F. D. Lchey is said to have been hun/ on the roadside. Crows ran off, but wa pursued. The arms were carried off." PncsNrxiANA.-Persons
 * 10/22 https://www.newspapers.com/image/72223102/?terms=laurens DailyPhoenix$

https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28966768/racial_conflict_in_laurens_ Oct 22, 1870 – Page 1 Charleston Daily News REIGN OF WINCHESTER RIELE LAW. \IJ f J \ FIVE WHITE MEN AND THREE NEGROES KILLED. JOE CREWS WOUNDED IN THE LEG. .GOVERNOR SCOTT APPEALING TO THE UNITED STATES FOR AID. INTENSE EXCITEMENT IN COLUMBIA A REFORM NEGRO BURNED OUT BY" RADICALS. Fact? and Kamora About the Election?. [SPECIAL TELEGRAM TO TBS STTWS.] COLUMBIA, October 21. . "*L?nrens will giveforty majority for Scott, but st least eiohi hun^rfl fraudulent votes were cast by boys aad repeaters. The day of election in Laurens passed off quiet? ly enough, but a row occurred on Thursday, after the United States troops had left the place. It | that the constables tried to arrest a Ten nesseean named Johnson, wt o resisted the arrest. This caused a fight. A messenger wu o brings the news to Governor Scott says that five white 'inca and, three negroes were soiled. The-white mear are named Tyler, Lowry, Frost, Leahy and K&amp;ihoe. Several or the persons reported killed, if not all of them, were constables. Rumor says that Joe Crews was snot in the leg, but escaped into the woods. A man named Powell was wounded, and ls supposed to have been killed. The Governor ls trying to get the United states soldiers to return to Laurens. If they cannot do so, the Governor will send op the white militia from Columbia. The negro militia aie assembling to-night at this place. Tae Governor has telegraphed to the Secretary of War, and to General ferry, for troops. There | intense excitement here. ~ Last night, &amp; Reform n?gro, living ten miles from Columbia, was burnt out by the Radicals. Iiis house with his crop in it was burned, and his family barely escaped with their lives. United States Commissioner Janney issued to day five warrants for fraudulent voting ia Colombia, also one yesterday. The accused are all negroes. Fifty-three other cases are ready Tor him, and 'many others will be found to-night. In Spartanburg the total vote was 3500, of which 2250 are Reform-giving a Reform majority of twelve hundred ana. fifty. COSJXIR. ELECTION
 * 10/22 https://www.newspapers.com/image/77716986/?terms=laurens

https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28967092/racial_confluct_in_laurens_south/ Sun, Oct 23, 1870 – Page 2 &middot; The Daily Phoenix (Columbia, Richland, South Carolina, United States of America) &middot; Newspapers.com 
 * 10/23 https://www.newspapers.com/image/72223138/?terms=laurens

October 23,1870. ! ' j J al l' .-. ? . - ? 1 ?' ,, r 1 - Tb* AJTklr at laurene Court House. The nows received here Friday even? ing, of troubles at Laurens Court House, produced deep feeling in the community. The report that Governor Scott designed to send up the two negro companies have created much excitement, which was increased by the unusual display of colored uniforms and guns on tho street. About 9 o'clock P. M., a gentleman from Governor Scott's office brought the assurance that no colored companies would be sent from Columbia. This led to public quiet. We learu that Messrs. H?ge and Hobbard went up to Newberry, Friday night, and remained an hour or two. We have heard of several inflammatory remarks which should be brought to notice. One case we intend to bring forward. A gentleman informed us that he heard Mr. J. B. Dennis, otherwise known as "General," say to a crowd of colored men, in reference to the affair at Laurens, that they onght io take their Winchester rifles, and go and kill these people off, &amp;o., ?C. Mr. Donuts, we believe, has some official connection with tho Adjutant General's office here. As he is so belligerent, we hope that Governor Scott will seud him, at least, to the front. , mm ? We leam that the excitement hus subsided at Laurens, and that all is quiet. It is reported that five white and three oolored men were killed in the difficulty i occurred; and that the firing, which ! in the death of these men, com- i between a citizen and a member of the State constabulary. Oar infor? mant states that the United States troops sont to Laurens will be received with satisfaction, as the community desire law and order. The whole difficulty, it is claimed, resulted from the armiug of th? oblored people. This led the whites, in self-defence, to arm themselves, i the firing, and the result ' ? ^ .???? A https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28977511/review_of_the_conflict_in_laurens/
 * 10/23 https://www.newspapers.com/image/26002603/?terms=Lauren. ny times
 * 10/24 https://www.newspapers.com/image/77717075/?terms=laurens

Oct 24, 1870 – Page 1 &middot; The Charleston Daily News (Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina) &middot; Newspapers.com

E? LAURENS. CAUSE A]\'l&gt; RESULT OF THE FRAY. Governor Scott Take* Timely Warning. [FROM OCR OWN CORRESPONDENT.] COLUMBIA, Saturday, October 22. That the election ls over with so little excitement is, to the highest degree, gratifying. Tbe quiet resulted from mutual agreement-concert without coherence-*! the two parties. All over the State the Scott Radicals felt that the beam of fortune was nearly balanced, and a disturbance would probably turn lt sadly against them. Quiet being assured, they carried their intimida? tion of the poor negroes to an astonlshlag extent. In their leagues new oaths were exacted, among the conditions of which was the requirement fha t they get their votes from particular individuals, and these were designated. As Pickett was frightened into withdrawing by threats, thousands were made to vote for their political masters by threats if they did not. I write what I get from the poor fools themselves. WHAT IS THOUGHT OP CREWS, The United States officer who was sent to Laurens, a short time ago, to report upon the disturbances there, freely _expressed the oplnion that Crews ls the great?jtjnlschl?f maker' in.thc up? country, and^eflnej hlTchiracter 90 apuy that the officer has risen largely m the esteem of. thi3;corni munlty. He says Crews is a compound of craft* and cowardice, cunning and servility. THE TROUBLES IN LAURENS. Upon the recent difficulties in Laurens-those of the 20th Instant-General Dennis, (a clerk in the office of the Adjutant and Inspector General,) was heard by some of our citizens to tell Wlmbush, this morning, near the Pqstomce, that a company of about eighty (the number of the United States troops sent up this morning) men, with winchester rifles, was cent to kill every man in Laurens, and burn every house there. Myinfomant'aname, (who knows his hst of witnesses,) is at the service or parties interested. SENDING THE SOLDIERS. This momiug. by direction of General Terry, Governor Scott sent one company or United States infantry up to Laurens. They would have been sent last night, but the general commanding did not answer la time. The Governor last night express?d the determi? nation to send United States troops if he could get them; If not, to send Captain O'Ne ale's com? pany or white volunteer militia of this city. He had no Idea or sending his negro militia up there, ror the reason that that would on y Increase the trouble. j THE KILLED IND WOUNDED. The casualties in Laurens, reported by last night's telegraph, were received from a gentle? man In the official family or the Governor. To? day's news gives about the same number of deaths. A citizen Just down from there thinks the whole difficulty anne from the negroes Im? prudently going to the polia vlth their arms. Joe Crews ls said to be in town to-night, wound? ed In the leg. ? " Last night the dwelling house or Ur. Edmund Davis, In this city, was burnt, probably by an In? cendiary, although Mr. Davis ls not known to be obnoxious in any special way to any class or party. Insurance $2500. PRESENTMENT OF THE GRIND JURY OF LAURENS COUNTY. The following was submitted to the Governor this (Saturday) night:, The State of South Carolina, Laurens County-In the General Sessions. The grand Jurors for said county and State, by. virtue of their authority in the discharge of then* duty as such, respectfully present: The County of Laurens has always been distin? guished for Us adherence to good order; and the disturbance of the peace which occurred during the present term of this conn, m broad daylight, almost nuder the eaves of the courthouse, whilst the court wa* In sexsion, ls greatly to be regretted. We have not been able, arter every exertion, to ascertain all the circumstances or the case, or learn who were active In the affair. It seems that a member or the constabulary force cursed a citizen as -'a tallow-faced son of a bitch," whereupon the two commenced lighting. - The armed cons abai arv, wlih a number or colored militia, having possessed themselves or the State arms, made demonstrations or assistance to their associate engaged. A pistol in the coat pocket or some one standing by was accidentally discharged, whereupon the armed body within the constabu? lary quarters and armory delivered a volley, and the firing extended to others m the vicinity of the disturbance. So far as we have learned, two white men and a tittie white boy were wounded, and one negro killed instantly, and two others severely wounded. The sheriff finally succeeded in commanding the peace. The grand Jury or the county, m the Interest or peace, commend that the public arms here, which have been directed by his Honor the Judge to be J by the Bherlff Into his possession, be re? tained by the sheriff, or returned to the armory of the State at Columbia. They feel bound to ex? press, in the strongest terms, their apprehension of the consequences if these arms and ammuni? tions are placed in the hands of one class of our citizens whilst the rest of the community is left in an unarmed and defenceless condition. It is believed that the announcement of the In? tention to put public arms into the possession or one race In the community and to leave the other unarmed has created tue restless and uneasy reeling In the community which, no doubt, was the underlying cause or th* people being armed, and, therefore, or the late lamentable disturbance of the peace. The grand Jury would urge la the mose earnest manner, situated as our community ls, that thc public arms now here be cudected and deposited by the authorities of the 8t?te in .the armory at Columbia. The grand Jury cannon but express their com? mendation that Hie Hon. Jud-re Vernon presiding, hus taken rlgorus steps, through the peace officer or the county-"he sheriff-to repro? all lawless? ness, and to preserve and promote the peace and good order of the community.. The grand Jury would earnestly recommend all persons, white and b ack, to returu to their homes, unless they have business In court. Let every good citizen lend his efforts for peace and order, and we may hope to quiet down after a most ex? citing and extraO "dlnery election, and the persist? ent efforts of some, for their own selflHh purposes, to embroil the two ra?es occupying this county as citizens. No civilize 1 eommuolty can exist, much less prosper, without law and order. This we respectfully preaeaL (Signed) SAMUEL AUSTIN, Foreman. A


 * https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28977833/disturbances_in_laurens_south/

Oct 23, 1870 – Page 5 &middot; The New York Times (New York, New York, New York, United States of America) &middot; Newspapers.com 

rawn-Tka lawte- tax at Cahmbia. B. C-virew ?rk COUTMSIA. Oct. IraaA iiuniul. a Tunnssaiifian who reaia ted- rtatols were tbaa drawn and a itot sasaed. daring wbieb Bve white faea and tbeas aegreas are reported to have beea killed. Tbe Barnes of tbe whites are TTLRB, (T) LowBT, Fbost, LbaBIT and Baahobd. A taaa named PowBlX wss wounded la tbe melee, and Crows, b member of tbe Legislature, was pursued and wounded. Tbe United States troops recently sent from Laurens County are bere. and Gov. Scott Is trying to have tbem sent back there. He will not send negro troops, as tbe case of Holdeb M before bis eyes. The exeltement la intense, and tbe negro militia are being called out in companies under arms. Il is said there was do politics in the riot.


 * https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28978169/ ", Oct 24, 1870 – Page 4 &middot; The New York Herald (New York, New York, New York) &middot; Newspapers.com 

a,iuircns County Kiot--EiBht Stale Coa- tnblc9 Killed--Tlio Elaction--targo Democratic Gaius. COLCVCIA, Oct. 23, 1870. There is no further intelligence received here of not in Laurens on Thursday last- The special whs brought the news of it to Governor reports the lisht had no political bearing; that was the result of resistance to the State Constabu- and thai several of the eight persons who ir not all of tbem, were constables. The Jovernor telegraphed to thft Secretary ol War and Terry, tccjuejling Item to order tlic United troops bacK lo Laurcns, but if his request is comnlied Â·with he will send ihe while militia, are under anus her--. Uiiofiicial election reports i-'tate that the radicals Â·epeated votes ana easi hundreds ol Iruudulent votes nearly every county in th : State, bill, notwith- tlnÂ«, the radical majorities are largely dc- Fiuccn counnes ii ard fiom in the State' a reform maiorlty ol lu.ono. McKls'lck, the rc- ciindidato for OoP.si'f-s^, I 1 * cunsidered elected In the Fourth distinct. The nidical candidates Ore cl-ctcd in the rcmai'ilu!; three districts by uiajoriiic-:. The reloniu-rs cUilm torty-fivc Uep- tlves and eicveu Senators elected--an increase or thirty In the House and live In the Senate the hibt Ceiieral Assembly. Tlild Rives a, minority which overpowers a two-third:! radical vote ihe House. Official

The New York Times (New York, New York) 24 Oct 1870, Mon Page 1 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28978595/another_report_on_racial_conflict_in/
 * 10/24 http://www.rarenewspapers.com/view/598486
 * 10/24 https://www.newspapers.com/image/26002653/?terms=Laurens

" Oct 24, 1870 – Page 1 &middot; The New York Times (New York, New York, New York, United States of America) &middot; Newspapers.com 

OUTBREAK. Cf SOUTH C A ROUS A f j -(t Gov.SooTT.ofxBoulh Oiina. tolog phe tn the Secretary of Tar that outbreak had occurred at Laurens Court-Uoaee -mm Thursday laat. A band of ex-rebel whites, tn the lnl of the ao-eelied (tefona Party, attacked and atroved tbe ballot-boxe of t the of. the day previous. and shot three cere of the State Police, Gov, Scott aaka for support freq ths United Btatea, and Gen. Trrrt being ppnaed of ithe facta, j re-pliea that he will support the Executive ef thn 8 tate with any military aid be may require to restore order. . Tba. result of the: recent election will be made known en Tuesday, j t ? -,r - ' 'j r. v i

the New York Herald (New York, New York) 24 Oct 1870, Mon Page 3 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28978388/more_on_the_racial_conflictlaurens/
 * https://www.newspapers.com/image/21532788/?terms=Laurens

Oct 24, 1870 – Page 3 &middot; The New York Herald (New York, New York, New York) &middot; Newspapers.com 

3 tae SOCTII CAKOUXA PISTITRBAXCES.-- Further advices from South Carolina indicate that the riot i. Laurens county was the. result political differences, although ths telegraph Â·rcould iiK}ress a different belief.' It appears that the State constables were endeavoring to the laws, when they were resisted by mob and eight officars killed. Governor Scott has asketi that United Si ates troops be to the scene of the disturbances; but in case his request cauooi be granted he send the white militia, who are under arms in Columbia. The Governor, evidently, is determined to give the malcontents no cause another outbreak, and to avoid further collision he sends only white troopÂ« to assist the in restoring order. power


 * 10/25 https://www.newspapers.com/image/77717168/?terms=laurens


 * https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28979571/more_on_disturbance_in_laurens_south/

" Oct 27, 1870 – 2 &middot; Camden Journal (Camden, South Carolina, United States of America) &middot; Newspapers.com 

AFFAIRS IN LAURENS. Freaks of Joe Crews?lie stirs up Strife and Beats a Retreat?Rumors and Reports?Six Men Killed. Correspondence of the Charleston Courier. Columbia, October 22,1870. Two companies of United States Troops went up to Laurens and New berry to-day. The lust intelligence from the eccnct&gt;f action is that seven men were killed. Two of the consiab alary and four negroes were killed in the streets of Laurens. The difficulty, has been brewing for some time, fannaA tlrh fanatfAal breath of Joe "J ? Crews. It came very near bursting' forth on the day of election. Crews called on his militia to get their arras, they got .them, but by the time they had done so, there. were as many Winchesters in the hands of the whites.? At this juncture, when ^ collision j seemed inevitable, Col Smith, alone, came into the Public Square^ ordeied the negroes to put away their arms, to voto and go homo. They obeyed him, when the Whites did likewise at the request of tho Sheri-ff. Col. Smith's command left next day, when the constabulary started to arrest a mun named Johnson, a Tennesseean, cursed and abused him, and thus the smoldering embers were fanned into a blaze. Ttie gallant Crews, after bringing on the difficulty on tho day of election, cowardly sought the protection of the United States troops. Having set the miselnef afloat, he intended to take precious care of his cowardly carca33. lie started the row to make innocent and ignorant men suffer. They went for him, however, scoured tho whole country; so far he is scill missing.? There arc various reports coneerniog him; some say he and and his son were lad in the woods, anotner mat ne was pursued to the Saluda River?fired upou and wounded whilst swimming the river. We don't believe that either of the reports is true. "A man boru to bo hung need nut fear bullet or water." There has been immense excitement in the Ring here. Rumors of assassinations were rife. Guards were placed out, the colored militia sentineled their armory. Apropos, two White men ran off the sentinels and captured the militia armory oi l 50 rifles at Clinton. Yesterday, and the day before, the telegraphic wires have been kept in incessant vibration to carry the news to Washington and to General Terry, in Georgia,, so as to get more troops. The big rob. ain't dead yet; he is kicking again, and there must be more troop&lt; to finish him. If Governor Scott will arm the negroes and will not arm the whites; if he will uphold such Bcoundrels as Crews in their incendiary and inflaming speeches to the negroes; if he will appoint such men to position and place, he will hear of lynch law so far as those men are concerned, for the law of the land won't reach them, and they will be reuched; and the sooner Governor Scott learns this, and learns, too, that South Carolinians are not to bo treated as barbarians and tyranizedovcr by such outlaws as Joe Crews and his bunds of ruffiians, the better -it will be for the prosperity and adva'nfcetneHit of the State. The house of Mr. Edmund Dsfvis was entirely consumed Just' night by fire, at about two o'clock. The fire was first seen issuing from the back piazza, and was, undoubtedly, the work of incendiaries. Nothing was saved. He was insured for-?2,500?loss $4,000. The militia are still guarding their 'armory here. It is ireediess to say that our citizens have no design up &gt;n them. We understand there "will be Over two hundred cases of illegal voting sent up from this county. 'Persons from Newberry, 'Kershaw and North Carolina, voted in our county. There are five hundred cases from Edgefield, and any quantity occurred at Laurens " " Eugene. ... . Vater. .. 1 * ? The 'heVs received here. Friday evening (says 'the'Coluttibia Phoenix,)' of '.troubles 'it Laurens Court 'Hohse, procTtfctfd deep feeling'in'tht community. The report 'that Gov. Scott designed up the two negro companies produced much excitement which was increased by the unusual display of colored uniforms and guns on i the streets. About 9 o'clock P. M.f a gentleman from Governor Scott's office brought the assurance that no colore'! companies would be seDt from Columbia. This led to public quiet.? We-learn that Messrs. Hoge and Hub bard went up to Newberry Friday night and remained an hour or two.? We have heard of several inflauimato ; ry remarks which should be brought to .notice. . One cage we intend to bring forward. A gentleman informed us that he heard Mr. J. B. Dennis, otherwise known as "Jencral," say to a crowd of colored men, in reference to the affair at Laurens, that they ought to take their Winchester rifles, and go and kill these people off, &amp;c, &amp;c. Mr. Dennis, vre believe, has some official conocction with the Adjutant General's office here. As he is so belligerent, wc hope General Scott will send him, at least, lo the front. The I'Jioenixud&amp;a-: We learn that the excitement has subsided at Lauren's, -and that all is quret. it is n ported that five white and three colore! wefe killed io the difficulty that occurred ; and that the firing, 'Which resulted in the death of those mon, commenced between a citi zen and a member of the State constat)-' ulary. "Our iuformant statos fhat-the' Uniced States troopfc 'sent to Laurens will be received with satisfaction, as the community desire law aid order The whole difficulty, it is claimed, resulted from the arming of colored people.?. This led the whites, in self-defdnce, to artn themselves. Hence, the firing and the result. * Present and Future of Provisions.

Springville Journal (Springville, New York) 29 Oct 1870, Sat Page 4 Your member photo danielbeisenberg SUBSCRIBER The Charleston Daily News (Charleston, South Carolina) 31 Oct 1870, Mon Page 2 Nov 3, 1870 – Page 2 &middot; The Daily Phoenix (Columbia, Richland, South Carolina, United States of America) &middot; Newspapers.com 
 * 10/29 https://www.newspapers.com/image/278895000/?terms=Laurens
 * 10/31 https://www.newspapers.com/image/77717531/?terms=%22martial%2Blaw%22
 * https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28979122/more_on_the_disturbances_in_laurens/

Answer. Tho Charleston Republican says: "The Colombia PHOENIX says it is timo to let the negro 'severely alono* and put forth all energies to secure white emigration. "How docs that journal think that tho barbarous murder of the white immi? grant, Powell, at '-Laurene!, will affect such of bis forhior neighbors HR might be inclined to roovo to onr State? The very first step in our efforts for white immigrants is to guarantee them full freedom of political opinion-full free? dom of speech and fall freedom of the baiiot-and oomplete proteotion in i he exercise, of that freedom. Will tho PIKE KXX help Laurena to take thal slop?" We shall answer the Republican. We have no concealment to moko of our views. They ore tho same in the closot 83 in the field. As usual, the Republi? can, as the supporter of radicalism in South Carolina and the ready apologist for all its outrages and extravagances, does the white people of Laurens and of South Carolina foul injustice in its re? marks given above. In the first place, we know nothing of Powell, who was killed in the outbreak nt Laurens. But we do uot nnderstand that ho was an "immigrant." Wo have understood that he was brought from Ohio to be ouo of the constabulary in South Carolina. But whethor au immigrant or one of thc State police, ho fell in an affray, that occurred nt Laurens Court House. Thc livos lost are a matter of regret. But where does tho responsibility rest? Wo charge it upon those who brought about that state of feeling, which accident caused to break forth in riot and blood. We charge it upon the Executive, who armed one race and denied arms to thc other race. We charge it, further, upon the local aiders and abettors of tho Exe? cutive. So far as the whites were con? cerned, they went into the Reform move? ment, which was based upon the idea of conciliating the blacks. And had the colored people not been arrayed with arms in hands against the whites, and had it not been for radical incendiary harangues, we believo that no outbreak would have occurred at Laurens, and no lives would have been lost. This is our deliberate judgment. As for white immigrants, Laurens as well as all South Carolina do cordi? ally welcome them, and in spite of tho systematic effort of such journals as the Charleston Republican to cast odium upon the whites of South Carolina, there is guaranteed to white immigrants "full freedom of political opinion-full free? dom of speeoh-full freedom of the bal? lot, and complete protection in the ex? ercise of thnt freedom." The only offset to this is the case of the anti-radical negro voter. Experience shows, that in many places in South Carolina, a negro voter votes against radicalism at thc peril of his life. We have this to say to the Republican: Laurens needs no help from the PIICKNIX to take tho step the Republican speaks of. The immigrant will receive in Laurens the same reception accorded to him else? where in the State. Humau life is ns Baf e in South Carolina as in nny other S tate of the Union. It is only herc as else? where. Tho honest settler is welcome. But there is no love for the schein i u g demagogue, the political trickster, the vile incendiary and the mid-night plo? ter. Turning now to general principles, we have this to say: lu the solution of the serious questions and the vexed problems pending in South Carolina, our course has boen consistent. We prefer and wo advocate moral agencies, and wo desire to see these problems worked out by peaceful means. We dare not advocate other than God-approved methods of action. But, subjected as our people have been, to the most outrageous treat? ment to which civilized communities havo ever been exposed, it is not to be expeoted that the oommnnity will be en? tirely free from thoso outbreaks that spring from the heated passions of par? ties arrayed against each other, nov is it to bc deemed au unreasonable thing that a public opiuiou should exist which, whilst ifc deplores violence, holds thal so/nothing should bo pardoned to thc spirit of outraged feelings and violate" rights. When South Carolina (shall have just and impartial government-whey the era cf public thieves and pluudoreri shall have x&gt;assed away-when "seurv; politicians" shall coasc to array tho Wael man against tho white, wo shah proba bly haye complete peace in this State. This is "tho step" that the Jic?&gt;uUtca&gt; may well help its party to take. .The order subscribe which next. TELE Wise, Point told them."

https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28966943/letter_to_the_editor_about_racial/ Dec 6, 1870 – Page 2 The Daily Phoenix (Columbia, Richland, South Carolina, EDITOR: I havo beou traveling extensively iu Laurens within a week. Went there the day aftor the Govern? ment troops arrived, and returned to Abboville several days after they left. I was at Laurens Court House on two successive days, and h wing heard that "Tin Pot" was literally riddled by the "rebels," by firing upon tho Jo CJIEWITES contained in it, I examined that fortress closely, aud could not find whore a soli? tary ball hod entered that ic ill-be. relic of Toryism. I understand, Mr. Editor, by quite a number of reliable citizens, that tne officer in command of tho troops referred to had learned, and really ex? pected to find at lea3t 2,000 armed rebels ready to meet him at his coining; but on his arrival, finding nothing but ponce, quiet and good order, ho was perfectly indignant at the slanderous lies that had been perpetrated by Jo Crews and his myrmidons, upon a peaceful, law-abi? ding community. That officer, with his troops, left, and I have no doubt but his visit to Laurens will prove eminently useful to the cause of good order and pure Democracy. ABBEVILLE C. H. LBGIBIiATIVB
 * 12/6 https://www.newspapers.com/image/72224732/?terms=Laurens

John Brown's constitution
thousands in harpers ferry John Brown intended to create a new country to which slaves could escape and live safely. His raid on Harpers Ferry was to have been the first step.

Brown never used the name Nova Africa; so far as is known, he had no name for the new country. The name is taken from a novel about Brown, Fire on the Mountain, by Terry Bisson.

https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/tony-horwitz-john-browns-constitution/

http://www.wvculture.org/history/journal_wvh/wvh20-2.html

https://rbgstreetscholar.wordpress.com/2008/11/29/a-history-of-the-republic-of-new-afrika-and-related-people-organizations-2/

Shadeville
Shadeville High School87 Andrew Hargrett, Sr. Road, 6 miles east of Crawfordville, Florida, was built in 1931 and was the only high school for blacks in Wakulla County, Florida. It was closed with school desegregation in 1967, when the new Wakulla High School was built. The building was d3molished, and there is a historicalmarker. Shadeville Elementary School continues.

Blanche General Ely
Blanche General Ely (December 7, 1904 — December 23, 1993) was born in Reddick, Florida, the daughter of Deacon John General and Sarah Enock General. Her mother died when she was an infant, and she was raised by her father and her stepmother Amanda General. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree at Florida A & M University, and a Master's Degree in Educational Administration and Supervision, Teachers College, Columbia University.

In 1923, after 6 months teaching at Ojus Elementary School in Dade County, she was named principal of the Pompano Negro Grammar School. When its two-room wooden building was destroyed in the 1926 Miami hurricane, she spearheaded efforts to raise money, get matchings funds from the Rosenwald Fund, and a much larger, 6-classroom Pompano Colored School opened in 1928. The school was renamed for her.

implemented four (4) schools, recommended names for schools and principals: Pompano Migrant School aka Golden Acres, Coleman Elementary School, Markham Elementary school and Sanders Park Elementary School.

Her husband Dr. Joseph A. Ely (†1984) was principal of Colored School number 11 a and Ivy Stranahan, a one-room wooden building became the schoolhouse for 10 students. Nearly two decades after its opening, the school progressed under principal Dr. Joseph A. Ely, who added more classes and sought to educate African-American students past the sixth grade. He was also responsible for the school's current name, a nod to James Harvey Dillard, a white educator.

school in Dania Beach. public school was constructed in 1924, the 10-room two-story building had an inscription over the front door that read "Colored School". In 1930, the school's principal, Dr. Joseph A. Ely, named the school in honor of James H. Dillard, a philanthropist, educator and promoter of education for black children. https://www.broward.org/History/NationalRegister/Pages/OldDillardMuseum.aspx

butied at Forest Lane Cemetery in Pompano Beach.

blanche Ely House Museum

http://pompanobeachfl.gov/assets/docs/db/commission/2016/04.26.16/3_items/4.pdf

Legacy

 * Blanche Ely High School, in Pompano Beach.

https://thewestsidegazette.com/floridas-finest-blanche-ely/

List of online state encyclopedias
http://nebraskapedia.com/menu.html Other online encclopedias: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#External_links

Spanish article
Daniel Eisenberg (Long Island City, New York, 1946–) is an American Hispanist and Cervantist.

(Nueva York, 1946) es un hispanista y cervantista estadounidense.

Biography
Eisenberg was born in Queens, New York, Oct. 4, 1946, but moved to Canisteo, New York as an infant, and completed elementary and high school there. He received a B.A. in Romance Languages from Johns Hopkins University in 1967, after spending his junior year in the es:Curso para extranjeros at the University of Madrid. He received an M.A. (1968) and Ph.D. (1971) in Hispanic Studies from Brown University, with a dissrttation on the Mirror of Knighty Deeds (es:Espejo de príncipes y cavalleros), a Spanish romance of chivalry (es:libro de caballerías)

Caballero del Febo de Diego Ortúñez de Calahorra, editada posteriormente en la colección de «Clásicos Castellanos» (Espasa-Calpe).

In 1976, Eisenberg founded the Journal of Hispanic Philology,sfn|Sánchez|1994|pp=97-98 which he published and edited until 1992.

He studied with, at Johns Hopkins, es:Elias L. Rivers y Francisco Rico (visiting profesor), and at Brown with es:A. David Kossoff, es:Alan S. Trueblood, es:Juan López-Morillas, José Amor y Vásquez, es:Sergio Beser, and es:Frank Pierce. To some extent Martín de Riquer was his sponsor (maecenas), since he had his dissertation, an edition of the es:Espejo de príncipes y caballeros, published in the "Clásicos Castellanos" series, wrote the prologue to a book of his, and nominated him as Corresponding Member of the Royal Spanish Academy of Letters (es:Real Academia de Buenas Letras de Barcelona), after his book on the alleged fragment of the Weeks in the Garden (es:Las semanas del jardín) of Cervantes.

He was a professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, City College of New York, Florida State University, where he was named Distinguished Research Professor, and Northern Arizona University. From 2000 a 2008, Eisenberg was the editor of Cervantes, journal of the Cervantes Society of America. At the time of his retirement in 2003, he was Assistant Dean at Excelsior College (Albany, New York, Nueva York). He has published on romances of chivalry and Cervantes, and also on Federico García Lorca, especially Poet in New York.

Obras

 * «Introducción» a Espejo de príncipes y cavalleros [El Cavallero del Febo] de Diego Ortúñez de Calahorra, Clásicos Castellanos, Madrid, Espasa-Calpe, 1975.
 * Poeta en Nueva York: Historia y problemas de un texto de Lorca, Barcelona: Ariel, 1976.
 * Romances of Chivalry in the Spanish Golden Age, Newark, Delaware: Juan de la Cuesta-Hispanic Monographs, 1982.
 * Thomas Percy and John Bowle: Cervantine Correspondence, Exeter Hispanic Texts, XL. University of Exeter, 1987.
 * A Study of 'Don Quixote', Newark, Delaware: Juan de la Cuesta-Hispanic Monographs, 1987.
 * Las semanas del jardín de Miguel de Cervantes: Estudio, edición, y facsímil del manuscrito. Diputación de Salamanca, 1988.
 * Estudios cervantinos, Barcelona: Sirmio, 1991.
 * Cervantes y Don Quijote, Barcelona: Montesinos, 1993.
 * Con M.ª Carmen Marín Pina, Bibliografía de los libros de caballerías castellanos, Zaragoza: Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza, 2000.
 * La biblioteca de Cervantes: Una reconstrucción [versión preliminar de 2002].
 * «Introducción» a la edición facsimilar del Quijote de John Bowle. Newark, Delaware: Juan de la Cuesta, 2006.

Bibliografía




Enlaces externos

 * Cervantes Virtual author
 * Página web de Daniel Eisenberg, con la mayoría de sus escritos
 * Página de Eisenberg en academia.edu

Randolph Abbott Shotwell
https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/shotwell-randolph http://digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p249901coll22/id/448259/show/447731 https://edb.pbclibrary.org:2073/news/docview/2120408508/DB22C2ED47224FD9PQ/4?accountid=47374 Obituary via pbcpl

The Klan in the Southern Mountains: The Lusk-Shotwell Controversy GORDON McKINNEY Appalachian Journal Appalachian Journal Vol. 8, No. 2 (WINTER 1981), pp. 89-104

JOURNAL ARTICLE THE PRISON EXPERIENCES OF RANDOLPH SHOTWELL: 1. Point Lookout J. G. De Roulhac Hamilton The North Carolina Historical Review The North Carolina Historical Review

The Ku Klux Klan: A Study of the American Mind John Mecklin Read Books Ltd, Apr 16, 2013 - History - 256 pages Originally published in new York 1924.

David Schenck and the Contours of Confederate Identity Rodney Steward Univ. of Tennessee Press, May 15, 2012 - History - 184 pages

Western North Carolina: Its Mountains and Its People to 1880 Ora Blackmun. 1977

Winston
The Winston-Salem Race Riot, an inaccurate name, took place on Sunday, November 17, 1918. The preceeding evening a black man, or a white man wearing blackface, shot Jim Childess and raped his wife, Cora. During unsuccessful efforts tht evening to locate te perpetrator, Sheriff Flynt was shot in the face and hand.

The following day, news of the attack was in local newspapers.

Texas Confederate Museum
The Texas Confederate Museum is a former museum in Austin, Texas, run by the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Daughters of the Republic of Texas, each of which had a separate collection in the museum.

Its first location, from 1903, was in the northwest room on the first floor of the Texas Legislature. In 1920 it moved to a permanent home in the Old Land Office Building on the Capitol grounds, where it would remain until 1988, when the state told the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Dsughters of the Republic of Texas to vacate. After repair and renovation, the building was given a new function as the Capitol Visitors Center. (The Visitors Center does not publicize that the building was for 71 years a Confederate museum, longer than it housed the Land Office. It receives one sentence in the history of the building, and the only appearance of the word "Confederate" is in the name "United Daughters of the Confederacy" who, with the Daughters of the Republic of Texas, "housed their two museum collections in the former Land Office". An accompanying page of historical photographs shows only a "GLO [General Land Office] exhibit room 1961", although the General Land Office had left the building for good in 1920. Nowhere does it refer to the Texas Confederate Museum. )

The Museum never reopened as it never found a new permanent home; its collections were passed from one institution to another like a hot potato that nobody wanted. From 1988 to 1990, its materials were stored in a warehouse of the Texas State Library and Archives Center. From 1990 to 1992 the collection was held by the Helen Marie Taylor Museum in Waco, but returned to temporary storage for two years. In 1994, an agreement with Hill College in Hillsboro placed the collection on display at the Texas Heritage Museum (formerly the Confederate Research Center) until 2000, when the agreement terminated. The collection returned to temporary storage at Baylor University in Waco, where it was inventoried and catalogued. It then was stored in Fort Worth. During this time, items from the collection were loaned to a number of museums.

In 2002, the Haley Memorial Library and History Center in Midland agreed to house and make available to researchers the Museum's paper collection. The rest of the collection is housed at the Texas Civil War Museum in White Settlement, Texas, which opened in 2006. The United Daughters of the Confederacy holds permanently one of the three seats on the Museum's Board of Directors.

4567

 * Template:American frontier}}

db-copyvio|url=https://independentmediainstitute.org/make-it-right-project-announcement/ }}
 * NPOV|date=October 2018}}

Make It Right Project
The Make It Right Project was formed in 2018 to encourage and advance the removal of Confederate monuments. It is a project of the Independent Media Institute; director is Kali Holloway. According to the group's statement, they are "dedicated to working with multiple groups—activists, artists, historians and media outlets—to remove Confederate monuments and develop post-removal protocols to properly historicize and contextualize these markers.... The point of the initiative is to do more than just 'raise awareness' or 'start a national conversation,' and instead aims to genuinely move the needle, creating measurable, visible change." In a later statement, "contextualize these markers" has become "to tell the truth about history".

The group has compiled a list of 10 monuments it is targetting:
 * 1) Confederate War Memorial, Dallas, Texas. "Includes a statue of General Robert E. Lee, who waged war to preserve slavery and was so violent toward those he personally enslaved that they described him as 'the worst man I ever see'. Also represented is Confederate President Jefferson Davis, who sought to expand slavery to new territories and described blacks as 'inferior [and] fitted expressly for servitude'.
 * 2) Silent Sam, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The group's first activity was the erection in July, 2018, of two billboards in Raleigh, North Carolina, depicting Silent Sam covered by a red X and the words "North Carolina needs a monumental change". The stated audience the billboards were intended to reach — thus the Raleigh locations — were the members of the North Carolina Historical Commission, under the impression, which others as well had until August 2018, that a controvedsial 2015 North Carolina law allowed it to approve the removal of Confederate monuments.  The Project responded: "The only way to truly contextualize racist monuments and white supremacist statues is to take them down from their lofty positions of public reverence.... The Commission and study committee had an opportunity today to correct the historical record and help bring an end to the era of white supremacist Lost Cause mythmaking. Instead, they chose moral ambivalence and hostility to historical truth. The vote was yet another example of the frustrating institutional decisions that have led community outrage to boil over." At about the same time, the Project printed posters with a picure of Silent Sam, an X over him, and the words ”We need REAL heroes", and students put them up on the campus.
 * 3) Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson Statues, Charlottesville, VA. In September of 2018 the group erected a billboard depicting the two monuments, and between them the words "Monumental Change Needed". They also prepared lawn signs saying "Monumental Lies", with pictures of the two monuments; these have been seen in a number of yards in the city. "Neo-Confederates made a grotesque parody of the Make It Right billboard in response. And then put it on a truck and drove around town with it."
 * 4) Spirit of the Confederacy, Houston, Texas. This monument is located in one of Houston’s major city parks. The winged, muscular, 12-foot-tall avenging angel clad in palm fronds leaning on a sword suggests the “spirit of the Confederacy” remains fiercely unrepentant in its dedication to the cause of black enslavement.
 * 5) John C. Calhoun Monument, Charleston, South Carolina  Though Calhoun died in 1850, he contributed greatly to the Southern position by advancing the theory that black enslavement was “a positive good.” According to Calhoun, white people profited off black labor, and the enslaved were civilized by the brutality of bondage. Charleston’s History Commission has spent several months quibbling over the language for a plaque to acknowledge Calhoun’s racist positions, but protesters continue to fight for complete removal.
 * 6) Oak Woods Cemetery Confederate Mound Statue, Chicago, Illinois. There is a bronze Confederate soldier at the top of a 30-foot granite column overlooking a mass grave. The Cemetary also has the graves of several notable African Americans, including journalist and anti-lynching activist Ida B. Wells.
 * 7) Shepherd Heyward Memorial, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
 * 8) Denton Confederate Soldier Monument, Denton, Texas. Every Sunday afternoon since 1998, Willie Hudspeth—a Vietnam War veteran and president of the Denton NAACP—has staged a one-man protest at the site of this monument to the Confederacy. In February 2018, a town committee decided not to remove the structure, but instead to provide “context” with the addition of a video kiosk and plaques detailing the history of slavery. Hudspeth has vowed to continue protesting until the monument comes down. The town committee has yet to commit to a date for the proposed additions.
 * 9) United Confederate Veterans Memorial, Seattle, Washington. The protesters of this monument include Heidi Christensen, former president of the Seattle chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Though it sits on private land in Lake View Cemetery, those pushing for the memorial’s relocation argue that it is located in a “publicly visible location and therefore should fall under current ordinances to remove offensive markings visible to the public.”
 * 10) Florida's Tribute to the Women of the Confederacy, Jacksonville, Florida. An ode to the many white Southern women who, according to the inscription, “sacrificed their all” for the Confederate cause.