User:DelonDeng7143/Economic development in China

The economic development in China has an extremely significant influence in worldwide. After people live in China have civilised, the following is the change of dynasties once by once. The economic development of each period follows the common law of Chinese traditional culture and agricultural economy and has certain characteristics. The economy of China used to hold an important position in worldwide. Europe and Asia had absorbed lots of techniques, experiences and policies during the old time. In the ancient age of agricultural economy, China led the world in economic scale for nearly 2000 years as a dominator. The economic cycles of ancient China usually corresponded to the rise and fall of dynasties. With the change in dynasties, China had fell in deep because of the policy changes and the desire of crowns. Then after the second world war, China brought back the confidence and started developing again as a challenger. The following categories briefly introduce the main changes in development of China from the past to present, and a preview in future. The article is a brief introduction of the development of China in different times. For further understanding please see the detail wiki of each section.

Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty
Back to the history. Sui, Tang and five dynasties are a splendid page of ancient Chinese society. His position in the history of China and the world should not be underestimated. Sui, Tang and five dynasties were also a great transition period in China's economic history. During that period, productivity levels were still higher in the north than in the south. As far as clothing is concerned, silk was produced in the north, while linen and cotton were the only materials in the south. So the deciding factor was still the economy. Sui Dynasty established a unified kingdom during the war, which started a great change in the feudal society politically and economically. The unification of Sui set forth a solid foundation for economic growth in Tang. After the Sui dynasty sent troops in, the Tang dynasty achieved unification. The further economic development of the Tang dynasty was mainly expressed below:

(1) The economy of both the north and the south has developed, and more importantly, the economy of the south has gradually become the main pillar of China's central government and the economic centre.

(2) The productive forces have made great progress, and new technologies have brought breakthrough changes to production. Such as shipbuilding, architecture, water conservancy, papermaking, printing, porcelain and silk weaving were all invented and spread abroad.

(3) China's economic exchanges with foreign countries have reached an unprecedented level, and trade has been conducted with Africa, Western Europe, central Asia, west Asia, southeast Asia, Japan and the democratic People's Republic of Korea.

Yuan dynasty and Ming dynasty
Yuan dynasty was a world-famous commercial metropolis. Yuan rulers set up provinces in their localities, or provinces for short, which were administered by officials recruited by the government. A province-specific system in Yuan dynasty had a far-reaching influence on later generations. The xuanzheng yuan was the earliest administrative organ set up by the central government to administer Tibet. Economically, the yuan dynasty attached great importance to trade. The land and sea trade was quite developed, and the policy of open and free religious belief was implemented. Northwest nationalities also engaged in animal husbandry and agriculture; Tibetan people in the yarlung zangbo river basin also have their own agriculture, handicraft industry and commerce. Yunnan Dali bai people and other ethnic groups, mainly engaged in agriculture. The Ming dynasty witnessed economic prosperity, during the 16th and 17th centuries. Its standout, renowned handicraft industry was conducive to the country’s economic expansion. Although the maritime prohibition policy enacted in the early Ming dynasty suppressed commerce to a certain extent, after the abolition of the maritime prohibition in the first year of emperor, the overseas trade became active again. In its heyday, the tonnage of ocean-going ships was as high as 18,000 tons, accounting for 18% of the world total at that time. In the end, the peasant uprising died out because of the decline of agriculture.

The Republic of China
After the First Opium war (1840-1842) and the Second Opium War (1856-1860), the Qing dynasty lost the power of control to the country. The Qing dynasty's economy was forced to sign many unequal treaties due to the war, which resulted in the Qing dynasty having no actual control over the domestic economy and thus triggering the revolution of 1911. After the Xinhai Revolution, The Republic of China had established. During the time, the economy was relatively stable. Basically, did not change or change little above all is broad Chinese rural economy. China is a vast country and an agricultural country that has lasted for thousands of years. This point did not change fundamentally when the revolution of 1911 broke out. Therefore, it is difficult for the upper-class political changes like the revolution of 1911 to form a wide impact and influence on the rural economy in a short period of time. Therefore, it is not difficult to understand that the rural economy is a part that has little or no change. The revolution of 1911 provided a legal guarantee for the economic development of all social strata in China. The provisional covenant law of the republic of China, enacted after the revolution of 1911, stipulates that state sovereignty belongs to all the citizens, and "the people have the freedom to own property and conduct business". This is the first time that China has declared the rights of Chinese citizens in the form of the modern state constitution, the fundamental law, which has broken the shackles of Chinese citizens to engage in social and economic activities and provided legal guarantee for the development of social and economic activities. Later, zhang jian, appointed as the chief director of agriculture, forestry, industry and commerce (later changed to agriculture and commerce) of the government of the republic of China, presided over the national agriculture, forestry, industry and commerce affairs, compiled and promulgated more than 20 kinds of policies and regulations related to industry, commerce, mining, agriculture, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry during his tenure from 1913 to 1915. These policies and regulations relate to all aspects of social and economic life. Especially in the protection of national infant industry, investment promotion officer battalion enterprise, unified system of weights and measures, unified COINS, reorganization chamber of commerce and tax department as well as the introduction of foreign capital, run industries, etc., formulated and promulgated a series of laws and regulations, preliminarily constructed the industrial and commercial industrial aspects of the legal system in modern China, this is before the xinhai revolution had ever seen. Many laws, regulations and implementation rules have filled the gap in China's industrial and commercial laws, and provided legal system guarantee for the development of China's national industrial and commercial industry and social economy. The Republic of China was in the control of the government until 1949, the communist party took control of the government and renamed it as People’s Republic of China. The modern economic system mainly constructed by the primary system of laws and regulations, the rapid development of industrial manufacturing, transportation and financial industry, which are the backbone industries, is the result of the stage of breaking the "old house" system of the qing dynasty and exploring and establishing the "new house" of the republic. These changes greatly promoted the development of domestic commodities and markets in modern China, and various factor markets emerged. The proportion of resources allocated by the market expanded greatly, which enabled the market economy in modern China to develop and take initial shape. It should be said that this is the biggest change in the economic field after the 1911 revolution.

The Great Leap Forward
Despite its intention to reinvigorate China’s economy, Great Leap Forwards (GLF) was essentially a failure that stalled the country’s growth. The campaign originally put forth a promising vision of China’s advancement, when Chairman Mao Zedong aimed to improve the economy of country after the war. Ideally, the campaign should push and accelerate China’s forwardness in both economic and cultural dimensions thereby ensuring China’s competitive edge against other developed countries. As of the enactment of a series of reform policies, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) launched the GLF campaign. Ironically, during the process of the campaign, there were many false reports about productivity and output. After the disaster during 1958-1962, the central committee finally realized the severe result they had made and called it to stop in the winter of 1960. In this period, the GDP was really high, but the data were mostly fake.

The Great Cultural Revolution
For a long time, the country was in a recession manifested in a slow economic growth. This was primarily attributable to longstanding imbalance of income distribution, along with an unbending economic management structure. Note that, over the last decade, the overall national income slid by 500 billion yuan, based on estimates of incremental benefits of hundred-yuan investments in regular periods. Apparently, there was no visible improvements in living standards; and even worse, some regions saw a decline. From the late 1970s onward, the global tension had been easing, and a number of countries launched plans of sustained economic development. Unfortunately, owing to much negativity arising from the "Cultural Revolution", China not only failed to close the existing gap with leading economies; rather, the gap has been exacerbated. In consequence, many development opportunities were foregone. During this period, the economy development of China was not even increased but decreasing until it fell to the standard of the economy of China twenty years ago. The tradition and culture lost although do not count in GDP, but they made really bad effect until now most of them cannot be found but in history.

Economic Reforms
In 1978, the 3rd plenary session of the 11th central committee was carried out by the CCP. It marked the take-off China’s economic reform under a new leadership by Deng Xiaoping. The reform started with targeting growth in rural China. Note that a Household Contract Responsibility system was established in the late 1978 across villages, counties and provinces. The system stressed upon “dividing farmland into households and assuming responsibility for their own profits and losses”. Meanwhile, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) gained great flexibility and autonomy. This reform approach is also known as internal reform centred upon maintaining a socialist system, and imposing adjustments on aspects misaligned with the relations of production and the productive forces, the superstructure, and the economic foundation. In this manner, not only could productive forces and the progress of all activities be promoted, but also national citizens’ wellbeing and interests could be well-catered. In the meantime, the principle of “opening-up” was exercised. Opening up essentially means an open-minded attitude toward the world. Enacting open-door policies accelerated China’s modernisation. Within this time, China exceeded a remarkable development and was surprisingly grow to an incredible level. The government encouraged people from all stages to do business, that made the GDP increased incredibly and lasts as this rate about twenty five years.

GDP
Compare to the GDP trend of those significant time, the conclusion of it is based on the First Opium War. China's GDP was the largest in the world before the first opium war, before the industrial revolution that began in Britain was complete, and with a population of 400 million, it barely beat those of Europe countries. However, after the first opium war, with the deepening of the industrial revolution, the national strength of the western countries had a leap-forward and explosive development. As an agricultural country, the late qing dynasty remained in the same place, so it was more and more far away from the west. During the great leap forward, "China had a long period of almost no GDP growth due to policy mistakes and spurious data. As Japan rose, its GDP in 1960 was about the same as China's. It surpassed the traditional and old European powers for three consecutive years, surpassed France in 1966, Britain in 1967, and Germany in 1968, and became the third superpower in the world, second only to the United States and the Soviet union, becoming a modern developed country. During the cultural revolution, China's economy was just 11.7 per cent the size of Japan's. However, due to China's emphasis on business after the reform and opening up, more people choose to do business and do business with other countries. This has contributed to the exponential growth of China's GDP over the past three decades. China ranked seventh in the world in 1994, sixth in 2000, fifth in 2002, fourth in 2006, third in 2007 and second in 2010.