User:DerbyCountyinNZ/1830s in New Zealand

The 1830s in New Zealand saw the formulation of plans which would lead to both the creation of a separate British colony and its organised settlement.

The growth of whaling throughout the decade had a twofold effect. The establishment of shore stations along the east coast from the Marlborough Sounds to Southland dramatically increased the number of Europeans in the South Island. In the North Island stations were established in Taranaki, Kapiti Island, Hawke's Bay, the Bay of Plenty and Great Barrier Island but the main meeting point remained the Bay of Islands. It was partially due to the growth of ancillary activities of the crews of the whaling ships that led to the appointment of James Busby as British Resident. Although tasked with protecting British interests and mediating between the British and Māori he was not given any means of exercising any such control. He did have some success in convening a meeting which led to the establishment of the United Tribes of New Zealand and in drafting the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand.

The work of the missionaries, both CMS and Wesleyan, spread through much of the North Island. Missions were set up in the Bay of Plenty, Waikato, Taranaki and Wanganui while Hawke's Bay, Poverty Bay and the Central Plateau were visited. The first Catholic missionaries arrived in the Hokianga and were in Russell by the end of the decade.

Regal and vice regal
The colony of New South Wales nominally encompasses New Zealand from 1788 to 1840. Therefore the head of state is the monarch of the United Kingdom, represented by the Governor of New South Wales. However, British sovereignty is not established over New Zealand per se until 1840, at which point the Treaty of Waitangi retroactively recognised that it had been an independent territory until then. Furthermore, the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand signed by a number of Māori chiefs in 1835 is formally recognised by the British government at the time, indicating that British sovereignty did not extend to New Zealand before then.
 * Head of State
 * 1) until 26 June 1830 King George IV
 * 2) 26 June 1830 - 20 June 1837 KIng William IV
 * 3) from 20 June 1837 Queen Victoria
 * Governors of New South Wales:
 * 1) until 21 October 1831 - Ralph Darling
 * 2) 3 December 1831 to 5 December 1837 - Richard Bourke
 * 3) from 5 December 1837 - George Gipps
 * British Resident to New Zealand
 * 1) from 1833 - James Busby
 * 2) 1834 to 1836 - Thomas McDonnell
 * Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand from 30 July 1839 - William Hobson
 * British consul to New Zealand from 13 August 1839 - William Hobson

1830

 * 10 January – The Antarctic is the first whaling ship to enter Lyttelton Harbour, which her Captain Morell calls 'Cook's Harbour'.
 * 3 February – John Guard arrives in Sydney with a cargo of whale oil, the first to be shipped from the South Island. While there he marries Elizabeth ‘Betty’ Parker. When she arrives in the South Island later in the year she is the first European women to settle there permanently. Their son John Guard Junior, born on 1 October 1831 at Te Awaiti, is the first European child born in the South Island. Late in 1833 their duaghter is born, the first female child born in the South Island.
 * 21 April – Phillip Tapsell is married to Karuhi, sister of a Ngapuhi chief, by Reverend Samuel Marsden. In November he settles in Maketu in the Bay of Plenty and begins trading for flax.
 * 31 July – William Yate returns from 6 months 'training' in printing at Sydney with a printing press. His attempts at printing are not particularly successful. (see also 1834 & 1835)
 * 19 August – Captain William Stewart leaves for Kapiti Island, where Te Rauparaha has promised him a cargo of flax in return for transporting a large Ngāti Toa party to Akaroa. The ship leaves Kapiti with Te Rauparaha and 120 warriors on 26 October. On 6 November they attack and massacre a village of local Kāi Tahu, and then cannabilise them.


 * Undated
 * Jack Duff, a trader, is the first known European to visit the Palmerston North area. He travels by whaleboat up river as far inland as Woodville and returns to a whaling station that has been established at Porirua.
 * The first inland mission is started at Waimate North.

1831

 * 16 April – Trade in preserved Māori heads as curios is outlawed by the Governor of New South Wales.
 * 11 October – The first marriage between two Europeans in New Zealand is performed at Waimate North. William Gilbert Puckey marries Mathilda Davis.


 * Undated
 * Joseph Brooks Weller commissions a vessel from he shipbuilders at Pegasus Bay on Stewart Island. He arrives in Otago Harbour on the Sir George Murray and makes an agreement with local Māori claiming territory for King William IV before returning to Sydney. In November he and his brothers return to New Zealand and establish a whaling station at Otakou. The station is destroyed by fire before whaling operations have begun but is soon rebuilt. At its peak, during the mid-1830s, the settlement has the largest population of Europeans in New Zealand outside the Bay of Islands/Hokianga.
 * Ngāti Toa under chief and war leader Te Rauparaha besiege the Ngāi Tahu stronghold of Kaiapoi pā for a second time. Early the following year they capture and destroy it. They then attack another Ngāi Tahu pā at Onawe on Akaroa harbour and massacre the inhabitants
 * Traders led by Joe Rowe are the first Europeans to visit the Wanganui area.

1832

 * 19 April – Construction of the Stone Store at Kerikeri begins.


 * Undated
 * Ngāpuhi attack Otumoetai pā at Tauranga. The attackers have 18 ship's cannons and cannonades at their disposal making the assault the largest artillery barrage in the New Zealand Wars.

1833

 * 10 May – British Resident James Busby arrives in the Bay of Islands on HMS Imogene. On 16 May he meets 22 leading chiefs at Paihia and reads them a message from King William IV.
 * October – Alfred Nesbitt Brown, Henry Williams, John Morgan and William Fairburn visit the Thames Valley and reach Matamata. They decide to establish a mission at Puriri. James Preece and John Morgan and their families arrive on 23 December to start this mission.


 * Undated
 * The building of the house for James Busby is begun. It is finished the following year. After the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi there in 1840 it will be known as the Treaty House.

1834

 * 20 March – At a meeting convened by James Busby, Māori chiefs from northern New Zealand form the United Tribes of New Zealand and choose a design for their flag.
 * 30 December – William Colenso, printer/missionary for the Church Missionary Society, arrives at Paihia in the Bay of Islands. He sets up the first printing press in New Zealand the following January and on 17 February produces the first book in New Zealand, The Epistle to the Philippians and the Ephesians, in Māori.


 * Undated
 * Late in the year a site is chosen for a mission at Matamata by Alfred Nesbitt Brown and William Williams. The mission is opened early the following year but Brown is forced to close the mission in 1836 due to tribal warfare.
 * The establishment of the Anglican mission at Te Papa peninsula, Tauranga, is begun late in the year and opens the following year under William Wade. At this time there are already several traders in the area including Phillip Tapsell, Chevalier Dillon and James Farrow. The mission is forced to close in 1837 due to tribal warfare.
 * While in England, Thomas McDonnell is appointed Additional British Resident in New Zealand. He does not return to New Zealand until July 1835 and resigns in July 1836.
 * Two Māori converts returning from the Bay of Islands introduce Christianity to Gisborne.

1835

 * 22 April - Weslyan Missionaries extend south beyond their main base at Hokianga to the Waikato Coast, among them James and Mary Wallis at Raglan.
 * 28 July - Joseph Brooks Weller, eldest of the Weller brothers, dies of tuberculosis at Otakou. At this time there are approximately 80 Europeans working at the Otakou whaling station.
 * 28 October – James Busby drafts the Declaration of Independence of New Zealand in conjunction with the United Tribes of New Zealand which is signed by 34 (or 35) northern chiefs (and later by another 18). A copy is sent to King William IV.
 * October - First printing in the English language in New Zealand made by William Colenso, a notice warning against French influence in New Zealand.
 * 19-30 December – HMS Beagle, captained by Robert FitzRoy and carrying Charles Darwin, visits New Zealand.


 * Undated
 * Johnny Jones and Edwin Palmer buy the whaling station at Preservation Inlet but it closes within a year.
 * French whaling captain Jean Langlois visits Akaroa for the first time.

1836

 * 26 December – John Hughes, W.I. Haberfield and others from the Weller Brothers whaling station at Otakou arrive in the Magnet and set up a whaling station on the north side of Moeraki Point.


 * Undated
 * Captain John Howell is sent by whaler and merchant Johnny Jones to establish a whaling station at Riverton to replace that recently abandoned at Preservation Inlet.
 * The Stone Store at Kerikeri, the oldest stone building in New Zealand, is completed mid-year.

1837

 * 7 February - 4 July — Samuel Marsden's final visit to New Zealand.
 * 19 March — The first permanent European settlement in Canterbury. Prussian captain George Hempleman (var. Hemplemann) establishes a whaling station at Peraki Bay, Banks Peninsula. Hempleman and his wife are the first German settlers in New Zealand. 3 days later George Clayton arranges the purchase of land for 3 miles inland of Peraki Bay which on 21 October he extends to cover all of Banks Peninsula. From 24 October Hempleman is allowed to occupy Peraki Bay unde license from Clayton and even after Clayton leaves for Sydney is forced to make further payments for the right to occupy the land. At this time several other whaling ships visit the various inlets around Banks Peninsula.
 * December — The recently formed New Zealand Asoociation is offered a Royal charter to take responsibility for the administration of New Zealand. The offer of a charter is withdrawn in February in February 1837 and the Association is wound up the following August to be replaced by the New Zealand Colonisation Company and the New Zealand Land Company.
 * 30 December — William Colenso completes the New Testament in Māori. He produces 5000 copies of this edition.


 * Undated
 * Joseph Price, a representative of the Weller brothers, sets up a whaling station at Patiti Point, Timaru.

1838

 * 10 January
 * Bishop Jean Baptiste Pompallier arrives in New Zealand at Totara Point on the Hokianga Harbour On 13 January he celebrates the first Catholic mass on land in New Zealand at the home of Thomas and Mary Poynton.
 * Flax trader James Farrow purchases an acre of land at Otumoetai, Tauranga.
 * April — The French whaler Cachalot, commanded by Jean Langlois, arrives in New Zealand waters and commences whaling near the Chatham Islands. In May — the Cachalot arrives at Banks Peninsula accompanied by the French corvette Héroine. On 2 August Langlois completes the purchase of Banks Peninsula from local Māori and makes a downpayment of goods to the value of 150 francs. Captain Cecille of the Héroine raises the French flag and proclaims French sovereignty over Banks Peninsula.


 * Undated
 * Reverend Brown re-opens the Anglican mission at Tauranga.
 * Three Gisborne Māori, having had Christian instruction in the Bay of Islands, return as catechists.

1839

 * 3 March or 4 March — John Carne Bidwell is the first European to climb Mount Ngauruhoe. Ngāti Tūwharetoa chief, Te Heuheu Tukino II is enraged that the tapu on the mountain has been disregarded and bans further climbs.
 * 4 May — Within days of the formation of the New Zealand Land Company, William Wakefield leaves from London for New Zealand on the Tory.
 * 30 July — William Hobson is ratified as Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand. On 13 August his appointment as British consul to New Zealand is confirmed. The following day Lord Normanby issues Hobson with instructions for official dealings with New Zealand.
 * August — The Tory arrives at Ship Cove, New Zealand in Queen Charlotte Sound. After 5 weeks, the Tory sails for Port Nicholson arriving later that month. After 5 days of negotiations William Wakefield arranges the purchase of land at Petone at the mouth of the Hutt Valley for a settlement to be known as Brittania.
 * December — William Wakefield, along with naturalist Ernst Dieffenbach, explores northwards along the west coast of the North Island looking for other possible sites for settlements for the New Zealand Company. Wakefield decides that the Taranaki is the most favourable location. On 23 December while in the Taranaki, Dieffenbach, along with whaler James Heberley, becomes the first European to climb Mount Taranaki/Egmont.


 * Undated
 * An Anglican mission station is established at Otaki by Reverend Octavius Hadfield.
 * A whaling station and trading post is set up at Wairoa by Captain William Barnard Rhodes.