User:Devin Sanders4/Tenement Housing in Chicago

= Tenement Housing in Chicago = (chronology)

= Background = (background)



= Health =

Living Conditions
Chicago tenements inhabited in the late 19th and early 20th century were limited to bare necessities and were often overcrowded. Even so, often bare necessities were not present in Chicago tenements, furthering the poor quality of life and sanitary conditions. By the beginning of the 20th century, housing reformers noted that "'bath and toilet' rooms in the homes of large numbers of impoverished Chicagoans were either nonexistent or in dangerously defective condition." As a result, sicknesses were widespread among these areas, and many were unable to perform basic tasks in their homes. The conditions of these tenements ultimately led to the creation of many housing and sanitary reforms such as in the 1890s and 1900, as public health concerns grew increasingly alarming.

Disease
As a result of the poor sanitation, size, and overall living conditions of the Chicago tenements, disease was able to spread rapidly. Diseases such as tuberculosis and scarlet fever were especially prevalent among Chicago tenements during the early 20th century. The spread was further exacerbated by overcrowding, poor sanitation, and the intimacy of tenement inhabitants. Although other areas of Chicago were also impacted by outbreaks of Tuberculosis in 1901 and throughout the 20th century, Chicago tenements were disproportionately affected.

Those that contracted diseases during the early 20th century in Chicago tenements especially faced difficulties, as due to their general poverty they were unable to either cure or sustainably treat their diseases. Despite attempts by politicians to reform the health conditions, quality of inspection, and general quality of tenement areas, sanitary reform began to crumble as early as 1890. Settlement workers and politicians justified this in stating that the poor conditions were solely linked to low wages and irregular employment. This proved to be detrimental for those living in tenements, as they received little state or federal support to improve their living conditions. Those living in tenements continued to remain in run down areas, unable to escape from the disease spreading around them.

= Demographics =

African-Americans
During the second half of the 19th century and early into the 20th century a small number of wealthy and educated African Americans were present in Chicago. These communities were peppered between white suburbs and upper-class neighborhoods throughout the city. Although segregation was present, the African American population was not yet centered in the poor racial ghettos and tenement houses located in Chicago’s south side. However, this changed during the 1910s, with the start of the first World War. Due to the influx of working-class African American migrants into the city, rising from 2 to 5 percent of the city's total population during the 1920s, white residents began to advocate for stricter segregationist policies. The African American population began to be zoned out of the wealthy white neighborhoods and began to purchase property on the south side which became known as the “black belt”. This area became the center for African Americans in the city and would later develop into the slums and ghettos of the city. As a result of these policies and purchasing patterns, Chicago become one of the most racially and economically segregated cities in the North.

During the 1910s and 1920s housing conditions for African Americans were dismal. Many were crowded far beyond the legal limit and were built haphazardly, yet black tenants were paying far more for rent than their white counterparts in the other comparable areas of the city. There were also not enough areas for the population of African American migrates to find housing, which contributed to the over crowded and unsanitary conditions in the "black belt" housing. Jobs were also scarce for the residents of the “black belt” slums and many were not able to find work due to the institutionalized segregation laws of Chicago. Due to these difficult conditions, conflict between the African American population and other ethnic and immigrant groups was common and culminated during this era with the Race Riot of 1919.

The riot, which primarily pinned the black and polish communities against each other, was brutal with both sides contributing to various acts of savagery. Each group fought, using guerilla warfare tactics and a series of bombings, to “hold the line” and protect the neighborhoods where each group lived. As a result of these riots African American stereotypes were formed in the minds of many of Chicago’s ethnic minorities ad led to the believe that the goal of African Americans was to take over all the neighborhoods within the slums of Chicago. For the next few decades the memory of the 1919 Riot would propel Jim Crow laws in the city and crushed African American aspirations for better housing in affluent communities.

Italian-Americans
Italian Americans have been part of Chicago communities since the incorporation of the city. Although the population of Italians in the city began as a rather small minority, with the influx of immigration during the 1890s to 1920s, many Italian communities began to appear throughout the city. One of the most famous was known as “Little Sicily”, located on the north side of Chicago. By 1910, there were around 25,000 Italian and Sicilian immigrants living in city, most of which were from poorer southern Italy. Many immigrated to the city using the chain immigration system, where families or communities would send one or two people to the United Sates, where they would find work and housing, typically through an Italian broker, before the rest of the family followed. This contributed to the overcrowded and harsh living conditions for Chicago’s Italian residents.

The housing in “Little Sicily” and other Italian communities was in a frightful state. It was located in an area between the north and south side of the city, which was known for being a place of abject poverty. The residents lived in old, overcrowded three or four-story buildings, which would often sink into the ground over time. Most were forced to pay high prices for low quality housing. Although, the area which they resided was surrounded by factories, most Italian immigrants did not want to work in industrial plants, instead choosing to work as rail or construction, who were paid less than their industrial counter parts. This led to even more overcrowding within the housing complex due to families moving in together in order to afford rent. Even though the residents did not work in the factories, the housing for many Italians were surrounded by them one side and with the river located on the other. This created an almost constant layer of smoke and air pollution which led to an influx of lung related diseases for the residents.

As a result of poverty and conflict between populations from different parts of Italy, crime became a major problem in “Little Sicily”. From 1910 to 1920 there was the rise of a group known as the Black Hand, a group which was known for exhorting money from the wealthier Italian immigrants. After 1920 and the rise of prohibition, bootlegging become common in the neighborhood. The bootlegging industry led to mob violence in the area, mostly between the Aiello and Capone families. This led to the destruction of thousands of dollars of property destruction and dozens of deaths among the Italian populations.

= Citations =