User:Dhartung/Color revolution

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Color revolutions or Flower revolutions are the names given collectively to a series of related movements that have developed in post-communist societies in Eastern Europe and are possibly spreading elsewhere. Their participant use mostly nonviolent revolutionary change to protest against governments seen as entrenched and authoritarian, and to advocate democracy, liberalism, and national independence. They usually also adopt a specific color or flower as their symbol, and the protests are notable for the important role of NGOs and particularly student activist organizations in organizing creative nonviolent resistance.

So far these movements have been successful in Serbia (the 2000 downfall of Milosevi&#263;), Georgia (the 2003 Rose Revolution), Ukraine (the 2004 Orange Revolution), and (though more violent than the previous ones) Kyrgyzstan (the 2005 Tulip Revolution). Each time massive street protests followed disputed elections and led to the resignation or overthrow of leaders considered by their opponents to be authoritarian.

Post-communist states

 * The demonstrations in Yugoslavia in 2000, which led to the overthrow of Slobodan Milosevic. These demonstrations are considered by many to be the first example of the peaceful revolutions that followed. However the protesters didn't adopt a color or specific symbol, and despite the commonalities, many others refer to Georgia as the most definite beginning of the series of "color revolutions." The demonstrations were supported by youth movement Otpor.
 * The Rose Revolution in Georgia, following the disputed Georgia legislative election, 2003, led to the overthrow of Eduard Shevardnadze and his replacement by Mikhail Saakashvili after new elections were held in March 2004. The Rose Revolution was supported by civic resistance movement Kmara.
 * The Orange Revolution in Ukraine, followed the disputed second round of the 2004 presidential election and led to the annulment of the result and the repeat of the round&mdash;leader of the opposition Viktor Yushchenko was declared president, defeating Viktor Yanukovych. The Orange Revolution was supported by Pora.
 * The Tulip Revolution, was more violent than its predecessors and followed the disputed Kyrgyz parliamentary elections, 2005. At the same time more fragmented than the previous such revolutions. The protesters in different areas having adopted different colours for their protests (pink and yellow). This revolution was supported by youth resistance movement KelKel.

Related usages in the Middle East
The following events, having taken place in the Middle East instead of post-Communist Europe and Central Asia, have nonetheless at times been described as part of the series of colored revolutions, and their popular names designed specifically to draw the parallel. Nonetheless they have marked differences with the revolutions described above, and thus their inclusion in the series of "colored revolutions" is so far not universally accepted.


 * The Cedar Revolution in Lebanon, unlike the revolutions in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, followed not a disputed election, but rather the assassination of opposition leader Rafik Hariri in 2005. Also, instead of the annulment of an election, it demanded the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon. Nonetheless, some of its elements and some of the methods used in the protests have been been similar enough that it is often considered and treated by the press and commentators as one of the series of "color revolutions".


 * "Purple Revolution" was a name first used by some hopeful commentators and later picked up by United States President George W. Bush to describe the coming of democracy to Iraq following the 2005 Iraqi legislative election, and intentionally used to draw the parallel with the Orange and Rose revolutions. The name comes from the color that voters' index fingers were stained to prevent fradulent multiple voting.

Student movements
The first of these was Otpor ("Resistance") in Serbia, which was founded at Belgrade University in October 1998 and began protesting against Milosevi&#263; during the Kosovo War. Many of its members were arrested or beaten by the police. Despite this, during the presidential campaign in September 2000, Otpor launched its "Gotov je" (He's finished) campaign that galvanized Serbian discontent with Milosevi&#263; and resulted in his defeat.

Members of Otpor have inspired and trained members of related student movements including Kmara in Georgia, Pora in Ukraine, Zubr in Belarus and MJAFT! in Albania. These groups have been explicit and scrupulous in their practice of non-violent resistance as advocated and explained in Gene Sharp's writings. The massive protests that they have organized, which were essential to the successes in Serbia, Georgia and Ukraine, have been notable for their colorfulness and use of ridiculing humor in opposing authoritarian leaders.

Soros foundation and U.S. influence
Opponents of the color revolutions often accuse the Soros Foundations and/or the United States government of supporting and even planning the revolutions in order to serve western interests. It is noteworthy that after the Orange Revolution several Central Asian nations took action against the Open Society Institute of George Soros with various means -- Uzbekistan for example forced the shutting down of the OSI regional offices, while Tajik state-controlled media have accused OSI-Tajikistan of corruption and nepotism. 

Supporters of the color revolutions generally consider the allegations of American or Soros influence in such revolutions as greatly exaggerated, and that the causes for such revolutions have been mostly national in nature, even if these revolutions received both support and inspiration or opposition from other nations or organizations. Some also feel that even if these revolution were planned or directed by third nations, that doesn't diminish their moral quality, and that they were positive events regardless of who planned them.

Reactions and connected movements in other countries

 * Armenia

Aram Karapetyan, leader of the New Times political party, has declared his intention to start a "revolution from below" in April 2005, saying that the situation was different now that people had seen the developments in the CIS. He added that the Armenian revolution will be peaceful but not have a color. .


 * Azerbaijan

Two movements have recently been created in Azerbaijan, both seemingly inspired after the examples of Georgia and Ukraine. A youth group, calling itself Yox!, declared its opposition to governmental corruption. The leader of Yox! said that unlike Pora or Kmara, he wants to change not just the leadership, but the entire system of governnance in Azerbaijan. The Yox movement chose green as its color.

A second youth organization, calling itself the Orange Movement, announced its creation on 25 March, 2005, pledging its support to the opposition. 


 * Belarus

There have been a number of protests against President Alexander Lukashenko, with participation from student group Zubr. The most recent major protests were in March 25, 2005. This was a self-declared attempt to emulate the Kyrgyzstan revolution, and involved over a thousand citizens. However it was severely suppressed by the police which arrested over 30 people.

Mikhail Marinich, a leader of the opposition, is currently in prison. The opposition uses as a symbol the white-red-white former flag of Belarus. The movement has had significant connections with that in neighboring Ukraine, and during the Orange Revolution some white-red-white flags were seen being waved in Kiev.

Lukashenko has said in the past: "In our country, there will be no pink or orange, or even banana revolution." More recently he's said "They [the West] think that Belarus is ready for some 'orange' or, what is a rather frightening option, 'blue' or 'cornflower blue' revolution. Such 'blue' revolutions are the last thing we need". On 19 April, 2005, he further commented: "All these coloured revolutions are pure and simple banditry." 


 * Moldova

The opposition in Moldova, is reported to have hoped and urged for some kind of Orange revolution, similar to that in Ukraine, in the followup of the Moldovan parliamentary elections, 2005, while the Christian Democratic People's Party adopted orange for its color in a clear reference to the events of Ukraine. 

A name hypothesized for such an event was "grape revolution" because of the abundance of vineyards in the country, however such a revolution failed to materialize after the governmental victory in the elections. Many reasons have been given for this, including a fractured opposition and that the government had already co-opted many of the political positions that might have united the opposition (such as a perceived pro-European and anti-Russian stance). Also the elections themselves were declared fairer in the OSCE election monitoring reports than had been the case in other countries where similar revolutions occurred, even though the CIS monitoring mission strongly condemned them.


 * Mongolia

On March 25, 2005, activists wearing yellow scarves held protests in the capital city of Ulan Bator, disputing the results of the 2004 Mongolian parliamentary elections and calling for fresh elections. One of the chants heard in that protest was "Let's congratulate our Kyrgyz brothers for their revolutionary spirit. Let's free Mongolia of corruption." 


 * Russia, Bashkortostan

The opposition in the Republic of Bashkortostan has held protests demanding that the federal authorities intervene to dismiss Murtaza Rakhimov from his position as president of the republic, accusing him of leading an "arbitrary, corrupt, and violent" regime. Airat Dilmukhametov, one of the opposition leaders, and leader of the Bashkir National Front, has said that the opposition movement has been inspired from the mass protests of Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan. Another opposition leader, Marat Khaiyirulin, said that if an Orange Revolution were to happen in Russia, it would begin in Bashkortostan. 

There has been longstanding opposition to President Islam Karimov, from liberals and Islamists. The revolution in neighboring Kyrgyzstan began in the largely ethnic Uzbek south, and received early support in the city of Osh. Nigora Hidoyatova, leader of the Free Peasants opposition party, has referred to the idea of a farmers' revolution. She also said that her party is collaborating with the youth organization Shiddat, and that she hopes it can evolve to an organization similar to Kmara or Pora. 
 * Uzbekistan

Possible historical predecessors
Several past movements have been compared in times with the colour revolutions, or described as possible predecessors and sources of inspiration. Some of these are the following:


 * 1990 - The Golaniad - a protest in Romania in April by the Bucharest students who demanded a non-communist government. The protests ended in bloodshed after an intervention of miners called in by president Ion Iliescu (the Mineriad).


 * 1989 - The Velvet Revolution - the bloodless revolution in Czechoslovakia leading to the downfall of the communist government there.


 * 1989 - The Tiananmen Square Protest was for democracy in China. The Goddess of Democracy was their symbol. Though, it was unsuccessful in effecting change in the Chinese government, it took part in the broader challenge to communist regimes at that time. Though supported or tolerated by many senior government officials, the protests were crushed by military force.


 * 1988,1989 - The Singing Revolution - a cycle of singing mass demonstrations, followed by a living chain across the Baltic states (Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia).


 * 1983-1989 - The Orange Alternative - an underground anarchist movement in Poland.


 * 1986 - The EDSA Revolution, where the term people power was coined.


 * 1974 - The Carnation Revolution in Portugal.


 * 1968 - The Prague Spring a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia.

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