User:Dhocine/sandbox

Notes:

The article that I am editing is Media Bias in the United States. Down below is what I have edited, including where in the article you can find my additional text along with the citations.

All under the section: History


 * 1) Bias is seen in everyday life but its even more prominent in the media. Specifically, bias can be seen regarding political campaigns which can render many media outlets to lean towards a specific side, even if unintentional. One form of bias regards the concept of "gatekeeping." This is the idea that journalists will control what is disposed to the public and what is withheld from them. A second bias that may be held in the media is called "coverage bias," which regards the amount of time or space given to a particular side of an issue. In other words, less space may be given to one side on a newspaper versus the other, or perhaps one side may be discussed more on TV news sites then the other. A third possible bias is "statement bias." This is the idea that the journalist will willingly put out a statement including their own opinion.
 * 2) I included "A fourth bias is called framing. A frame is the arrangement of a news story, with the goal of influencing audience to favor one side or the other. The ways in which stories are framed can greatly undermine the standards of reporting such as fairness and balance. Many media outlets are known for their outright bias. Some outlets, such as MSNBC and HuffPost are known for their liberal views, while others, such as Breitbart and Fox News Channel, are known for their conservative views. How biased media frame stories can change audience reactions. Filter bubbles are an extension of framing. Filter bubbles are what companies such as Facebook and Google use to filter out the content that user might not agree with or find disturbing." with the above paragraph instead of keeping it under a separate section. This way, everything is kept in the same place without having to jump around the article looking for the other types of bias.
 * 3) In late 2015, President Trump started his campaign while addressing his concern with the media calling all information relayed on the media, "fake news." This came shortly after the media began to carefully critique Trump's statements. Information circulated regarding Trump's previous sexual comments made towards women. At the same time, information regarding Clinton's email scandal also circulated in the media.
 * 4) In the 19th century, the accessibility of cheap newspapers allowed the market to expand exponentially.
 * 5) I repositioned "Starting in the 1890s, a few very high-profile metropolitan newspapers engaged in yellow journalism to increase sales. They emphasized sports, sex, scandal, and sensationalism. The leaders of this style of journalism in New York City were William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. Hearst falsified or exaggerated sensational stories about atrocities in Cuba and the sinking of the USS Maine to boost circulation. Hearst falsely claimed that he had started the war, but in fact the nation's decision makers paid little attention to his shrill demands—President McKinley, for example, did not read the yellow journals." higher up because the timelines were off. This repositioning allows the timeline to be consistent as opposed to jumping from one century to the next then throwing additional information about the previous century.
 * 6) In the 20th century, also known as the "roaring 20's", was the century that introduced the power of radio and television. The rise of these media outlets meant a decline in newspapers and therefore more room for bias. Later, social media rises and is continuing to be the center of focus when regarding media bias because there is no filtration system. In other words, no one is fact checking anything reported on these social media sites which can become a problem if it is reached to a larger audience.
 * 7) 2016 and onward, reports concerning "fake news" became more prominent. Social media played a big part in this and it is thought that the use of social media during the Presidential election played a large role in the Presidency of Donald Trump.

Under the section: Demographic polling


 * 1) In 2016, according to Gottfried and Shearer, "62 percent of US adults get news on social media," with Facebook being the dominant social media site. Again, this seemed to be a major contributor to the presidential election of Donald Trump, with most adults saying they believe "fake news" they read with the implication that they are real.

Under the section: Racial bias


 * 1) In a research conducted by Seong-Jae Min testing racial bias of missing children in the media, African American children were less represented between 2005 and 2007. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, out of 800,00 yearly cases, 47% were "racial minorities," and underrepresented as opposed to the others. According to Dixon and Linz, the news media often portrays children of color as criminals while representing white children as victims.

I also added gender bias to this category as well.


 * 1) Women, versus men, are found to be underrepresented and victimized in the media. According to Hartley, young girls are seen as youthful and therefore made to be more "newsworthy."
 * 2) The 1996 Summer Olympic Games was a big event that showcased extreme gender bias. The male athletes received more Television coverage time than that of the female athletes competing in the same games.