User:DianeRoussel/sandbox

Narendra Damodardas Modi ([nəreːnd̪rə d̪ɑːmoːd̪ərəd̪ɑːs moːd̪iː] ( listen), born 17 September 1950) is the 15th and current Prime Minister of India.[1][2] Modi, a leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), also served as the Chief Minister of Gujarat state from 2001 to 2014. He is currently the Member of Parliament (MP) from Varanasi.

Modi was a key strategist for the BJP in the successful 1995 and 1998 Gujarat state election campaigns. He became Chief Minister of Gujarat in October 2001 and served longer in that position than anyone else to date. He led the BJP in the 2014 general election, which resulted in an outright majority for the BJP in the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Indian parliament) – the last time that any party had secured an outright majority in the Lok Sabha was in 1984.

Modi is a Hindu Nationalist and a member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).[3][4] He is a controversial figure both within India as well as internationally[5][6][7][8] as his administration has been criticised for failing to act to prevent the 2002 Gujarat riots.[8][9] Modi has been praised for his economic policies, which are credited with creating an environment for a high rate of economic growth in Gujarat.[10] However, his administration has also been criticised for failing to make a significant positive impact upon the human development of the state.[11]

Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a family of grocers belonging to the backward Ghanchi-Teli (oil-presser) community, in Vadnagar in Mehsana district of erstwhile Bombay State (present-day Gujarat), India.[12][13][14] He was the third of six children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi and his wife, Heeraben.[15] He helped his father sell tea at Vadnagar railway station. As a child and as a teenager, he ran a tea stall with his brother near a bus terminus.[16][17] In 1967, he completed his schooling in Vadnagar, where a teacher described him as being an average student, but a keen debater who had an interest in theatre.[16][18]

That interest has influenced how he now projects himself in politics.[19] At the age of eight, Modi came in contact with RSS and he began attending its local shakhas where he came in contact with Lakshmanrao Inamdar, popularly known as Vakil Saheb, who is known as his political guru and mentor. Inamdar inducted Modi as a balswayamsevak, a junior cadet in RSS. During his morning exercise session at the keri pitha shakha of RSS, he also came in contact with Vasant Gajendragadkar and Nathalal Jaghda, leaders of the Jan Sangh who later founded the BJP's Gujarat state unit in 1980.[15][20][21][22][23][24]

Modi's parents arranged his marriage as a child, in keeping with the traditions of the Ghanchi caste. He was engaged at the age of 13 to Jashodaben Chimanlal and the couple were married by the time he was 18. They spent very little time together and were soon estranged because Modi decided to pursue an itinerant life,[16][25] and reportedly the marriage was never consummated.[26] Modi kept the marriage secret for most of his career only acknowledging the existence of his wife when filing his nomination for a parliamentary seat in the 2014 general elections.[27][28]

As per Modi in Kishore Makwana's Common Man Narendra Modi, published in 2014, after leaving home at 17, he went to Ramakrishna Mission ashram in Rajkot and then to the Belur Math near Kolkata. Then he went to Guwahati and later joined another ashram set up by Swami Vivekananda in Almora, in the Himalayan foothills. Two years after, he returned to Vadnagar and after a brief halt at his house, Modi left again for Ahmedabad, where he lived and worked in a tea stall run by his uncle where he again came in contact with Lakshmanrao Inamdar who was then based at Hedgewar Bhavan, the RSS headquarters in the city.[15][20][21] He then worked in the staff canteen of Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation until he became a full–time pracharak (campaigner)[29] of the RSS in 1970.[23] In 1978, Modi graduated with an extramural degree through Distance Education in political science from Delhi University.[15][26] In 1983, while remaining as a pracharak in the RSS, completed his Master's degree in political science from Gujarat University.[18][30] He still continues to visit Belur Math occasionally[31][32] and talks about his reverence for the Ramakrishna Mission.[33]

Early political career

Modi became a member of the RSS after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.[26] After Modi had received some RSS training in Nagpur, which was a prerequisite for taking up an official position in the Sangh Parivar, he was given charge of Sangh's student wing, Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad, in Gujarat. During 1975–77, when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of the emergency, political opponents were jailed and political organisation including RSS were banned. Modi went underground in Gujarat and to evade arrest was occasionally disguised as a Sikh, saint, elderly man etc. and printed and sent booklets against the central government to Delhi. He also organised agitations and covert distribution of the Sangh's pamphlets.[16][26][34][35]

He also participated in the movement against the Emergency under Jayaprakash Narayan. He was made the general secretary of the Gujarat Lok Sangharsh Samiti and his primary role was to co-ordinate between activists in the state.[15][36] During this period he wrote a book titled Sangharsh ma Gujarat (Gujarat's struggle) in Gujarati which chronicles events, anecdotes as well as his personal experiences.[35][37][38] The RSS assigned Modi to the BJP in 1985.[23] While Shankersinh Vaghela and Keshubhai Patel were the established names in the Gujarat BJP at that time, Modi rose to prominence after organising Murli Manohar Joshi's Kanyakumari-Srinagar Ekta yatra (Journey for Unity) in 1991.[16] In 1988, Modi was elected as organising secretary of BJP's Gujarat unit,[39] marking his formal entry into mainstream politics.[26] As secretary, his electoral strategy was central to BJP's victory in the 1995 state elections.[23][40][41]

In November 1995, Modi was elected National Secretary of BJP and was transferred to New Delhi where he was assigned responsibility for the party's activities in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.[40][42] Vaghela defected from the BJP after he lost the 1996 Lok Sabha elections, having previously threatened to do so in 1995.[16] Modi was promoted to the post of general secretary (Organisation) of the BJP in May 1998. While on the selection committee for the 1998 Assembly elections in Gujarat, Modi favoured supporters of Patel over those loyal to Vaghela, in an attempt to put an end to the factional divisions within the party. His strategies were credited as being key to winning the 1998 elections.[40]