User:Didirjulie/sandbox

Overview
Depressive disorder (depression)

Anxiety disorder

Bipolar Disorder

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Schizophrenia

Eating disorders

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

College students
Moreover, an increasing number of studies on the evolution of mental health related policies have been conducted in different regions or countries (14). For example, Bilir et al. (15) offered a brief history and the evolution of mental health policy in Turkey through a qualitative analysis (15). Draper et al. (16) analyzed the content and development process of mental health policy in South Africa (16). In China, Ma et al. (17) conducted a systematic review of mental health related policies from 2000 to 2009. Chen et al. (18) analyzed the characteristics of mental health related policies from 2009 to 2019. We found that most of these studies have adopted a qualitative approach to analysis and the time span covered by existing studies is 10 years, which is relatively brief. These studies have prompted us to comprehensively conduct quantitative analyses over a longer time span, which is essential for grasping the trends of such policies.

Currently, bibliometric analysis has become a widely used method for policy research, with the advantages of systematically revealing changes in policy content and analyzing the structure and evolution of policy systems (19, 20). It has been applied to the analysis of disaster policy (21), rural informatization policy (22), and nuclear energy policy (23). In the field of health policy, Fusco et al. (24) analyzed co-production in health policy and management through a comprehensive bibliometric. It concluded that there was a shortage regarding co-delivery and co-management, as well as the evaluation of their real impacts on providers and patients (24). Wu et al. (25) revealed and characterized the evolution of patterns of China's policy against COVID-19 from the perspective of policy making by using bibliometric methods (25). Nan et al. (26) used a bibliometric analysis method to probe into the evolution of Chinese aging policies from 1978 to 2019 (26). However, few studies have analyzed mental health related policies from a quantitative perspective.

To fill this research gap, we conducted a systematic analysis of mental health related policies by using bibliometric analysis. This study aims to analyze the distribution and characteristics of mental health related policies in terms of changes in policy content and cooperative networks of policy issuing agencies. To achieve this, we need to address the following three questions: (i) What are the distribution characteristics of mental health related policies in China since 1987? (ii) What are the emphases and changes in the content of mental health related policies at different stages of development? (iii) How are governmental departments and their collaborators involved in mental health related policies distributed? What are the decision-making networks and their relationships? The year 1987 was chosen as the starting point for this analysis because the WHO, in cooperation with the Ministry of Health (MOH), the Ministry of Public Security (MOP), and the Ministry of Civil Affairs (MOC), conducted the first formal discussion on mental health legislation in China in 1987, which marked the formal beginning of the mental health related policies system in China (10).

International students
Mental health in education and Policies in public schools

Mental health professionals have a significant and yet untapped role to play in strengthening the capacity of schools to address both student and staff mental health through advocacy, policy development, teaching and professional development for clinicians and educators, research, and invention of new models of service for resource-poor sites. Creating a common understanding and language about the role of mental health in schools, this article discusses the conceptual framework of the Health Promoting School, definitions of mental health and the continuum of strategies from promotion through prevention, intervention and treatment. Evidence of the effectiveness of mental health strategies for schools is reviewed, with examples from a recent implementation study of the Health Promoting School model, including mental health, with about 15,200 students in Zhejiang Province, China.

Selective interventions target, on average, about 10–15% of students, who are at higher risk for mental health problems due to specific (biological, psychological, economic or social) risk factors. Mental health professionals can assist schools by providing guidance as to what programmes are most effective and most appropriate for a particular group of students.

The pilot project achieved remarkable results (Bureau of Disease Prevention and Control of the National Health Commission, 2020a). A comprehensive management mechanism in which different departments work together to deliver mental health services was formed from the top level to the grass-roots level; assistance funds for difficult populations from multiple departments were integrated, and the scope of assisted populations was expanded in 75% of pilot sites. Mental rehabilitation services were improved, with a 122.8% increase in the number of community rehabilitation institutions. Diversified personnel incentive policies, such as increasing subsidies and setting up special service fees, were adopted to enhance the work enthusiasm. Diverse social organizations were attracted to participate in mental health services through the government's purchase of services in some pilot sites, and some pilot areas explored diverse psychological services. On the national level,the Central Political and Legal Commission launched a policy on subsidy for patients with weak guardians, and the Ministry of Civil Affairs launched a policy on mental health rehabilitation. These policies enhanced comprehensive management. Some pilot sites made innovations and achieved excellent results (Bureau of Disease Prevention and Control of the National Health Commission, 2020b). For example, Ningbo in Zhejiang province integrated medical insurance and relief funds from multiple departments through the information system, so that patients visiting the community health center could gain access to medical insurance, assistance from the Civil Affairs Department, subsidies from the Disabled Persons' Federation, and charity-supported funds. While reducing patients' medical expenditures, the procedure also greatly simplified the process so that patients were more compliant to treatment. Mianyang Mental Health Center in Sichuan province extended psychiatric outpatient support to primary medical institutions by establishing internet outpatient services. Thus, medical treatment was also available to patients in areas with limited mental health resources. Changning District in Shanghai explored a hospital–community-integrated occupational rehabilitation model, in which the government provides social support, professional institutions provide technical support, multidisciplinary teams provide professional intervention, and social organizations and family members participate together (Zheng and Ju, 2018). A survey in Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province showed that the pilot project has significantly improved service for patients with severe mental disorders (Cao et al., 2019).

China's community-based mental health system was largely eliminated with the introduction of the market economy. Therefore, mental health service provision has become primarily hospital-based. Patients can access tertiary psychiatric hospitals directly, bypassing the primary and secondary health care levels.

The goal of this review is to assess potential opportunities for and barriers to successful implementation of a community-based mental health system that integrates hospital and community mental health services into the general healthcare system. We examine 7066 sources in both English and Chinese: the academic peer-reviewed literature, the grey literature on mental health policies, and documents from government and policymaking agencies. Although China has proposed a number of innovative programmes to address its mental health burden, several of these proposals have yet to be fully activated, particularly those that focus on integrated care. Integrating mental health services into China’s general healthcare system holds great promise for increased access to and quality improvement in mental health services, as well as decreased stigma and more effective management of physical and mental health comorbidities. This article examines the challenges to integrating mental health services into China’s general healthcare system, especially in the primary care sphere, including: accurately estimating mental health needs, integrating mental and physical healthcare, increasing workforce development and training, resolving interprofessional issues, financing and funding, developing an affordable and sustainable mental health system, and delivering care to specific subpopulations to meet the needs of China’s diverse populace. As China’s political commitment to expanding its mental health system is rapidly evolving, we offer suggestions for future directions in addressing China’s mental health needs.

Perinatal depression
Perinatal depression, a mood disorder occurring during pregnancy and extending into the postpartum period, is linked with adverse health outcomes for both mothers and infants. A meta-regression analysis showed that there has been a notable upward trend in the prevalence of perinatal depression, which affects approximately 16.3% of Chinese women, with 19.7% experiencing it during pregnancy and 14.8% after childbirth. It indicated a significant inverse relationship between the provincial Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and depression rates among Chinese mothers.

Risk and protective factors for perinatal depression were studied systematically in three domains of mothers, infants, and sociocultural status. Studies shows that lower socioeconomic status, compromised physical well-being, pregnancy-related anxiety, challenges during childbirth and inadequate social support posed negative impact to mental health of Chinese mothers. Conversely, enhanced living standards and increased educational support seemed to confer protective benefits.

After the implementation of the universal two-child policy, another review article indicates that the second-time mothers exhibited a higher likelihood of experiencing anxiety symptoms during pregnancy compared to both prenatal women overall and the entire sample.

The COVID-19 pandemic also proved to affect the mental health and well being of perinatal women in China. Several studies suggests that the prevalence rates of psychological distress, anxiety, depressive, and insomnia symptoms among of Chinese pregnant women were recorded at 70%, 37%, 31%, and 49%, respectively.