User:Dina Salikhova/Direct tax

A direct tax is a payment that is levied on any property or income of payers.The amount of tax paid is paid in accordance with the statutory rate or in the form of a fixed payment. The payment is made by an individual or a legal entity (independently) in favor of the state within a strictly set time frame. That is, a direct tax payer is a person who has received income or owns property, provided that this income or property constitutes the tax base. The tax agent (the person transferring the tax to the state system) and the actual payer for direct tax are completely the same, are the same person. Direct taxes also include taxes on goods or services previously included in the price of the goods.Examples of a direct tax can be: income tax; income tax; inheritance tax; property tax; tax on vehicle owners.However, it is worth mentioning that socially unprotected groups of the population, such as pensioners, students, veterans, disabled people should not pay tax on the income they receive: pensions, scholarships, bonuses.In a number of countries, there are benefits for large families with 3 or more children under 18. Properties of direct taxes Direct taxes are inherent: • mandatory – the unconditional, indispensability of making a payment in an official manner on the basis of the law or by virtue of social norms, traditions, direct taxes are levied regardless of the payer's desire; • calculation – the possibility or ability of a process to be calculated, taxes are calculated according to a special formula: the product of the percentage tax rate by the quantitative equivalent of the legally established base; • differentiation – differences and heterogeneity, which means that certain categories of payers may receive tax benefits or even the opportunity not to pay a certain tax. For example, in some countries there is such a system: suppose that a disabled person owns an apartment, a house and a cottage, he is exempt from paying property tax in full, since he is a disabled person of a certain category. If a pensioner has several apartments, houses and cottages, then he will receive a benefit when paying tax for a house and a cottage, as well as only for one of the apartments of his choice.This shows the differentiation. immediacy is an inextricable and direct link between the state and the one who pays the tax.The payer feels a constant, regular burden from the need to pay tax ; • orientation – a certain sustainable direction of development in any environment.It follows from this point that we can divide the direction of direct tax to the federal, regional or local budget; • declaration is a form of tax report that is submitted by an entrepreneur in the case of opening a business (it can be a declaration or any other accounting document).That is why the state authorities have information in advance about the amount of the transferred tax • direct impact on the economy – direct taxation has a direct impact on economic processes and the economy as a whole.Thus, it is possible to identify the area of development of the region, region, city or country. Types of direct taxes A. Upon receipt of profit, direct taxes can be divided into: a. taxation of actual income: the payer deducts a percentage from the actual profit received, based on his solvency (for example, income tax, income tax, etc.); b. taxation of possible-estimated profit: the object that will be taxed potentially represents a future source of profit, from which it will be subsequently withdrawn a certain percentage (property tax, land, transport, etc. taxes). B. Differences also relate to where taxes are received : a. Direct taxes can be received : b. Federal budget c. Regional budget d.	The municipal budget. For example, the entire collected mineral extraction tax will become the income of the federal budget, the transport tax — the regional budget, and the land tax — the municipal budget.While the personal income tax will be divided between the regional and municipal budgets, and yet most of the money will go to the regional level.

C. Having determined whether the payer is subject to a special taxation regime, it is possible to distinguish: a. real taxes – paid on a general basis, depending on real income (for example, mineral extraction tax, etc.); b. personal – calculated taking into account the individual characteristics of the payer, if he is granted any benefits (for example, personal income tax, inheritance or gift tax, tax capital gains, etc.). D. Taxes also differ by subjects.It depends on who exactly will be the payer, whether a tax is allocated for: a. individuals – for example, a tax on water, transport, land, etc.; b.	legal entities (organizations) – personal income tax from employees, on water resources, etc.; c. tax deductions by both an individual and a legal entity

The specific features inherent in direct taxes include the following characteristics: 1. a greater degree of regulation and stimulation of the economy, compared with indirect taxes; 2. elasticity (productivity, fiscal capacity); 3. justice; 4. progressiveness; 5. political responsibility; 6. less inflationary nature; 7. high probability of evasion; 8. less regular nature of budget receipts; 9. hypothetical nature of real direct taxes.

Pros and cons of direct taxes : The advantage of direct tax: 1) are known initially 2) for the state, it is a guaranteed income to the state budget. 2) require significant administrative costs for collection. 3) fairer, since they are commensurate with the solvency of the person being taxed. Disadvantages of direct taxation: 1) unambiguity, since there is no right for taxpayers to choose whether or not to pay this tax 2) from a moral point of view, they are psychologically more noticeable to the payer, since they are paid in large amounts

Let's consider income tax as the main criterion of direct tax: Income tax is a tax that is charged on certain incomes of individuals and individual entrepreneurs There are 3 types of income tax: Progressive, when its taxation is based on the principle that the higher the income received, the higher the rate it should be taxed.It follows from this that a progressive tax rate is a tax rate that increases as the taxable base increases. Of the countries with a progressive scale of taxation, the highest maximum income tax rate is set in Sweden — 61.85%. In Denmark, it is 55.8%, in Germany — 47.5%, in China, Great Britain, Spain, France and South Africa — 45%, in the USA — 37%. Regressive, such taxes mean that individuals or legal entities with low incomes pay a higher percentage of their income than individuals or legal entities with higher incomes. Proportional is a tax system in which tax rates are set as a single percentage of the taxpayer's income, regardless of the amount of income. The income tax in the Czech Republic is the same for foreigners and the indigenous population. It is charged at a fixed rate of 15%. Among the basic principles of the proportional system can be distinguished: a uniform burden on all taxpayers = equality; fairness; universality. However, there are also countries where residents do not pay income tax : 1. Andorra 2. The Bahamas. The entire economy of the country is built on tourism. The Bahamas is one of the most visited resorts in the world 3. Bahrain 4. Bermuda 5. Burundi 6. Kuwait 7. Oman 8. Qatar. The richest country in the world in terms of GDP. This state has acquired capital thanks to the extraction and export of oil 9. Somalia 10. United Arab Emirates 11. Uruguay 12. Vanuatu 13. Virgin Islands 14. Cayman Islands 15. Monaco 16. Saudi Arabia Https://visasam.ru/emigration/vybor/nalogi-v-mire.html