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In Buddhism, the ten directions start with the eight usual directions of the compass:


 * 1) North, the god Vaiśravaṇa,
 * 2) Northeast, the god Ishvani, one of the forms of the god Shiva,
 * 3) East, the god Indra,
 * 4) Southeast, the god Agnideva,
 * 5) South, the god Yamarāja,
 * 6) Southwest, the god Nairptah,
 * 7) West, the god Varunapati,
 * 8) Northwest, the god Vayudeva.

To make ten, we add zenith going up, and nadir going down.

The expression "the Buddhas of the ten directions" in the sutras Buddhas of all ten directions.

The phrase "ten directions" often appears with the phrase three existences, meaning past, present, and future existences. "The Buddhas of the ten directions and three existences." This means all Buddhas throughout space and time.

Buddhas of the Ten Directions
From Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra,

"What should they do in order to acquire the Ten Powers and the true wisdom? What should they do in order to see, with a single thought, all Buddhas from the ten directions appearing before them? What should they do in order to know that the four appearances of dharmas have never had any reality? What should they do in order to see right here innumerable Buddha Lands in the ten directions and to know the good and evil life-journeys there of the people, gods, dragons, spirits, and wriggly insects?"

External links and references

 * Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia on the ten directions
 * More from the Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia
 * The Ten Directions
 * Nichiren Library on the ten directions

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A sky compass is a Viking sunstone for determining the position of the sun, when it is a few degrees below the horizon. They are not quite Compasss.

Fruit flies
Fruit flies appear to determine ≈


 * Iceland spar
 * Sunstone (medieval)
 * 
 * Viking sunstone
 * 
 * 

External links and references
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A subrange of numbers, or sub-range of numbers, is a subset of a larger set of numbers; the "numbers" need not be one-dimensional. <!-- The word subset is important; a subrange is a particular type of subset, though the term subset is more all-inclusive, as in, "the subset of all pool balls that are eight-balls" is not a subrange of numbers.

This subset may be a proper subset, as in not equal to the original set, or it may be the entire set.

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Type of subranges of numbers
Numbers come in varied types, thus we can have all of


 * 1) Natural numbers
 * 2) Integers
 * 3) Rational numbers
 * 4) Real numbers, which include
 * 5) Rational numbers
 * 6) Irrational numbers, which as subsets include
 * 7) Algebraic numbers
 * 8) transcendental numbers
 * 9) Complex numbers

Also, numbers come in varied dimensions, as in, one-dimensional space, two-dimensional space, three-dimensional space, four-dimensional space &mdash; the list of tuples never ends.

Examples
Examples are endless. The prime numbers are a subrange, of the natural numbers. The set of two-dimensional points with integer coefficients are a subrange of the set of all two-dimensional points.

In a fractal curve, the graph shape retains the same general pattern of irregularity, regardless of how high it is magnified, thus regardless of subinterval

Applications
In the study of earthquakes, a turbulent subrange is important.

In the study of Earth's atmosphere, the buoyancy subrange of stably stratified turbulence is defined to be an intermediate range of scales which are larger than those of the inertial subrange.

The Soviet mathematican Andrey Kolmogorov made use of subranges, in energy cascades.

External links and references

 * One example, using an array

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The Cascadia Trench is an oceanic trench, and, off of Washington and Oregon.



Geology
The trench is a result of a convergent boundary, where the eastern edge of the oceanic Juan de Fuca Plate subducts under the North American Plate.

Geology, its location
It runs about 100 km from the coast, along the Juan de Fuca Plate. It runs where the Juan de Fuca Plate subducts beneath the North American Plate.

To the south is the San Andreas Fault and to the north the Queen Charlotte Fault

Results from tomography confirm the northeastern corner of the Pacific plate is much farther east than the Cascadia trench, and extends vertically through the entire crust.

Seismicity
Titanic earthquakes have accurred along it, most recently (of large earthquakes) the 1700 Cascadia earthquake.

Is filled with sediments
The trench is completely filled filled with sediment, so channel systems to seaward across the abyssal plain, as opposed to merging in the trench.

External links and references

 * Juan de Fuca Plate: Ridge to Trench
 * Cascadia Paleoseismic History Based on Turbidite Stratigraphy
 * Slab-Plume Interaction Beneath the Pacific Northwest

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