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'''Contents 1	Week 7: Article Evaluation 2	Week 11: Peer Review 2.1	Peer Review 3	Assigned Article: Chicano English 3.1	Week 9: Choose your topic / Find your sources 3.1.1	What is missing/can be added 3.1.2	Sources 3.2	Week 10: Draft your article 3.2.1	Improving an existing article: what I am adding 3.3	Week 11: Expand your draft 3.4	Week 12: Respond to Peer Review 3.5	Week 14: Continue improving your article'''

Week 7: Article Evaluation

Evaluation of a linguistic article: Syntax The article seems to be knowledgable, but I believe that there are some things on the history section that may be more opinions than facts. There is maybe also a mistake in the migration of Mexicans into the United States. I am going to look into the contribution of already existing Mexicans in the territories taken over by the U.S. since that is where Chicano English is predominantly spoken.

Week 11: Peer Review

Peer Review I peer reviewed the ghana article. The student had a lot a work it seems ahead of them but had a very clear idea of what they wanted to add to the article and how they were going to do it

Response to Peer Review I did not get a Peer Review from my fellow students but I did talk to Professor Cotter who made suggestions to me and I have tried to implement them moving forward with my article.

Assigned Article: Chicano English Week 9: Choose your topic / Find your sources What can I contribute or fix?

Sources "'You Speak Good English for Being Mexican': East Los Angeles Chicano/a English: Language & Identity" by Armando Guerrero Jr. Chicano English and the Nature of the Chicano Language Setting by Otto Santa Ana A. American Me Mi Familia Blood In Blood Out (Films that depict the Chicano culture and language)

Week 10: Draft your article Improving an existing article: what I am adding

-Add Sandra Cisneros (Famous Chicana Writer and Activist)

-Add California usage of Chicano English

-Add more of the Chicano culture to give an idea of why they may have these accents and variety of English.

-Add links about not being able to speak Spanish and how it is not taught in schools anymore

Week 11: Expand your draft

Original Article for Reviewing Purposes: History: "Communities of Spanish-speaking Tejanos, Nuevomexicanos, Californios, and Mission Indians have existed in the American Southwest since the area was part of New Spain's Provincias Internas (it also existed after the Spanish liberation and before the U.S. acquiring those Mexican territories). Most of the historically Hispanophone populations eventually adopted English as their first language, as part of their overall Americanization. (See film Salt of the Earth where the Mexicans where still considered Mexican even though they were U.S citizens and it still showed them using a mixture of Spanish and English and maybe even Chicano)

A high level of Mexican immigration began in the 20th century, with the exodus of refugees from the Mexican Revolution (1910) and the linkage of Mexican railroads to the US (Santa Ana, 1991). The Hispanic population is one of the largest and fastest-growing ethnic groups in the United States. In the Los Angeles area alone, they form 40% of the population (roughly 1.4 out of 3.5 million, in the 1990 census). The result of the migration and the segregated social conditions of the immigrants in California made an ethnic community that is only partly assimilated to the matrix Anglo (European American) community. It retains symbolic links with Hispanic culture (as well as real links from continuing immigration), but linguistically, it is mostly an English-speaking, not a Spanish-speaking, community. However, its members have a distinctive accent.(Where does it say that most are English Speaking and not Spanish Speaking?)

The phonological inventory appears to be identical to that of the local Anglo community. For example, long and short vowels are clearly distinguished, as is the relatively rare English vowel /æ/. Speculatively, it seems that the main differences between the Chicano accent and the local Anglo accent are that the Chicanos are not participating in the ongoing phonetic changes in the Anglo communities (such as the raising of /æ/).

As Spanish-speaking people migrated from other parts of Hispanophone world to Southwest, Chicano English is now the customary dialect of many Hispanic Americans of diverse national heritages in Southwest. As Hispanics are of diverse racial origins, Chicano English serves as the distinction from non-Hispanic and non-Latino Americans in Southwest.

A common stereotype about Chicano English speakers, similar to stereotypes about other racial/ethnic minorities in the United States, is that Chicano English speakers are not proficient in English and are generally uneducated. This language ideology is linked to negative perceptions about Chicano Americans and Hispanics in general.[4]"

Films (Some of these stereotypes can be seen in popular films that depict the life of a Chicano as well as the Chicano dialect. Most of these films take place in Southern California. Some of the more popular films include Mi Familia, American Me and Blood In Blood Out. All of these films show the stereotype of what people think of when they think about a Chicano or hear a Chicano speak. The films really have to do with either the Chicano gang life culture or feeling the oppressions of being a Chicano.)

Phonology Chicano English has many features that are influenced by Spanish.

Prosody The rhythm of Chicano English tends to have an intermediate prosody between a Spanish-like syllable timing, with syllables taking up roughly the same amount of time with roughly the same amount of stress, and General American English's stress timing, with only stressed syllables being evenly timed.[5]

Most Romance languages, such as Spanish, are syllable-timed.[citation needed]

Chicano English also has a complex set of nonstandard English intonation patterns, such as pitch rises on significant words in the middle and at the end of sentences as well as initial-sentence high pitches, which are often accompanied by the lengthening of the affected syllables.[6]

When needing extra emphasis to certain words, there is the use of rising glides. Rising glides can be used multiple times in one sentence. On compound nouns and verbs, major stress is on the second word. Rising glides can occur at any time and at either monosyllabic or polysyllabic words. [7]

Consonants Consonants are often pronounced as in Spanish.

Pronunciation patterns can resemble those of African American English (AAE). For example, the "th" sound may be replaced by a "d" sound, as in "dese" and "dem" instead of "these" and "them".[8]

Alveolar stops /t, d/ are realized as laminal denti-alveolar [t̪, d̪].

t/d deletion occurs at the end of a word. For example, "missed" becomes "miss".

The /z/ undergoes devoicing in all environments: [ˈisi] for easy and [wʌs] for was.

The /v/ is devoiced after the last vowel of a word: [lʌf] for love, [hæf] for have, and [waɪfs] for wives.[citation needed]

Chicano speakers may realize /v/ bilabially, as a stop [b] or a fricative/approximant [β], with very being pronounced [ˈbɛɹi] or [ˈβɛɹi].

Dental fricatives change pronunciation so think may be pronounced [ˈt̪iŋk], or more rarely [ˈfiŋk] or [ˈsiŋk]. Most Latin American Spanish dialects, such as Mexican Spanish, exhibit seseo, a lack of distinction between /θ/ and /s/ that is a part of Standard European Spanish.

/j/ and /dʒ/ may merge into [dʒ]; job may sound like yob and yes may sound like jes.[citation needed]

In the syllable coda, the nasals /m, n, ŋ/ merge into one sound. Phonetically, its realization varies between alveolar [n] and velar [ŋ].[citation needed]

/tʃ/ merges with /ʃ/ so sheep and cheap are pronounced alike. The outcome of the merger varies and can be either a fricative [ʃ] (both cheap and sheep sound like sheep) or an affricate [tʃ] (both cheap and sheep sound like cheap).[citation needed]

English [lˠ] is develarized and so it is pronounced similarly to a Spanish alveolar lateral approximant.

Vowels The cot–caught merger is complete, approximately to [ä].[9][10] For younger speakers, however, the vowel is retracted by the Californian Vowel Shift.

The salary–celery merger occurs, with /æ/ and /ɛ/ merging before /l/.[11]

/ɪŋ/ is pronounced as [in]: sink sounds like seenk and showing sounds like show-een. That is also sometimes a feature of general California English.

The distinction between /ɪ/ and /iː/ before liquid consonants is frequently reduced, making fill and feel homophones. That is also a feature of general California English.[citation needed]

/uː/ is slightly fronted, as in most American and many British dialects, but they are less fronted than in mainstream California English.[12]

Some realizations of /iː/, /eː/, /oː/, and other long vowels are pronounced as monophthongs. That may be an effect of Spanish, but other American English dialects (Minnesota, and Wisconsin, for example) also show monophthongization of such vowels, which are more commonly diphthongs in English.

Also, such vowels are underlyingly long monophthongs so the general effect thus is to simplify the system of phonetic implementation, compared to the /ɪi, eɪ, oʊ, ʊu/ of many other English dialects.[13]

Variation A fair to strong degree of variation exists in the phonology of Chicano English. Its precise boundaries are difficult to delineate, perhaps because of its separate origins of the dialect in the Southwest and the Midwest.[14]

One subvariety, referenced as Tejano English,[15] is used mainly in southern Texas. California subvarieties are also widely studied, especially that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area,[14] such as East Los Angeles Chicano English, which includes elements of African American Vernacular English and California English.[11]

New Mexico See also: English in New Mexico One Chicano English sub-variety is native to north-central New Mexico. A recent study found that native English-Spanish bilingual Chicanos in New Mexico have a lower/shorter/weaker voice-onset time than typical native monolingual English speakers.[16] Northern New Mexico Chicano English, transcending age, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status, has been reported as having its own vowel shift as follows: /i/ is [ɪ] before a final /l/ (so feel merges to the sound of fill), /u/ is [ʊ] before any consonant (so suit merges to the sound of soot), /ɛ/ is [æ] before a final /l/ (so shell merges to the sound of shall), and /ʌ/ is [ä] before any consonant (so cup merges to the sound of something like cop).[17]

'''East Los Angeles Chicano English (ELACE) This form of Chicano English is predominently spoken in East Los Angeles and has been influenced by California Anglo English, African American Vernacular English and Valley Girl English.'''

'''Articles Used:

Guerrero, Armando. “'You Speak Good English for Being Mexican' East Los Angeles Chicano/a English: Language & Identity.” Voices, 4 June 2014, escholarship.org/uc/item/94v4c08k.

Santa Ana, Otto. “Chicano English and the Nature of the Chicano Language Setting.” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 1 Feb. 1993, journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/07399863930151001.'''

Week 14: Continue improving your article

-Add Sandra Cisneros (Famous Chicana Writer and Activist)

-Add California usage of Chicano English

-Add more of the Chicano culture to give an idea of why they may have these accents and variety of English.

-Add links about not being able to speak Spanish and how it is not taught in schools anymore

I am planning on making a contribution to the Chicano English information on the wikipedia pages. I think since I grew up in LA and am a Chicana I feel that I can contribute some insight on the use of Chicano English. I will find additional sources that will back up what the article is saying and possibly find things that may be wrong with it.