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The Reserve Bank of India (RBI, Hindi: भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक) is the central banking system of India and controls the monetary policy of the rupee as well as US$300.21 billion (2010)[1] of currency reserves. The institution was established on 1 April 1935 during the British Raj in accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934[2] and plays an important part in the development strategy of the government. It is a member bank of the Asian Clearing Union.

Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 1935—1950 1.2 1950—1960 1.3 1960—1969 1.4 1969—1985 1.5 1985—1991 1.6 1991—2000 1.7 Since 2000 2 Structure 2.1 Central Board of Directors 2.2 Governors 2.3 Supportive bodies 2.4 Offices and branches 3 Main functions 3.1 Monetary authority 3.2 Manager of exchange control 3.3 Issuer of currency 3.4 Developmental role 3.5 Related functions 4 RBI has various tools to control which are listed below 5 Further reading 6 External links 7 References [edit] History[edit] 1935—1950The central bank was founded in 1935 to respond to economic troubles after the first world war.[3] The Reserve Bank of India was set up on the recommendations of the Hilton Young Commission. The commission submitted its report in the year 1926, though the bank was not set up for another nine years. The Preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes the basic functions of the Reserve Bank as to regulate the issue of bank notes, to keep reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system in the best interests of the country. The Central Office of the Reserve Bank was initially established in Kolkata, Bengal, but was permanently moved to Mumbai in 1937. The Reserve Bank continued to act as the central bank for Myanmar till Japanese occupation of Burma and later up to April 1947, though Burma seceded from the Indian Union in 1937. After partition, the Reserve Bank served as the central bank for Pakistan until June 1948 when the State Bank of Pakistan commenced operations. Though originally set up as a shareholders’ bank, the RBI has been fully owned by the government of India since its nationalization in 1949.[4]

[edit] 1950—1960Between 1950 and 1960, the Indian government developed a centrally planned economic policy and focused on the agricultural sector. The administration nationalized commercial banks[5] and established, based on the Banking Companies Act, 1949 (later called Banking Regulation Act) a central bank regulation as part of the RBI. Furthermore, the central bank was ordered to support the economic plan with loans.[6]

[edit] 1960—1969As a result of bank crashes, the reserve bank was requested to establish and monitor a deposit insurance system. It should restore the trust in the national bank system and was initialized on 7 December 1961. The Indian government founded funds to promote the economy and used the slogan Developing Banking. The Gandhi administration and their successors restructured the national bank market and nationalized a lot of institutes.[6] As a result, the RBI had to play the central part of control and support of this public banking sector.[7]---rp

[edit] 1969—1985Between 1969 and 1980, the Indian government nationalized 20 banks. The regulation of the economy and especially the financial sector was reinforced by the Gandhi administration and their successors in the 1970s and 1980s.[7] The central bank became the central player and increased its policies for a lot of tasks like interests, reserve ratio and visible deposits.[8] The measures aimed at better economic development and had a huge effect on the company policy of the institutes. The banks lent money in selected sectors, like agri-business and small trade companies.[9]

The branch was forced to establish two new offices in the country for every newly established office in a town.[10] The oil crises in 1973 resulted in increasing inflation, and the RBI restricted monetary policy to reduce the effects.[11]12

[edit] 1985—1991A lot of committees analysed the Indian economy between 1985 and 1991. Their results had an effect on the RBI. The Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction, the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research and the Security & Exchange Board of India investigated the national economy as a whole, and the security and exchange board proposed better methods for more effective markets and the protection of investor interests. The Indian financial market was a leading example for so-called "financial repression" (Mackinnon and Shaw).[12] The Discount and Finance House of India began its operations on the monetary market in April 1988; the National Housing Bank, founded in July 1988, was forced to invest in the property market and a new financial law improved the versatility of direct deposit by more security measures and liberalisation.[13]

[edit] 1991—2000The national economy came down in July 1991 and the Indian rupee was devalued.[14] The currency lost 18% relative to the US dollar, and the Narsimahmam Committee advised restructuring the financial sector by a temporal reduced reserve ratio as well as the statutory liquidity ratio. New guidelines were published in 1993 to establish a private banking sector. This turning point should reinforce the market and was often called neo-liberal[15] The central bank deregulated bank interests and some sectors of the financial market like the trust and property markets.[16] This first phase was a success and the central government forced a diversity liberalisation to diversify owner structures in 1998.[17]

The National Stock Exchange of India took the trade on in June 1994 and the RBI allowed nationalized banks in July to interact with the capital market to reinforce their capital base. The central bank founded a subsidiary company—the Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Limited—in February 1995 to produce banknotes.[18]

[edit] Since 2000The Foreign Exchange Management Act from 1999 came into force in June 2000. It should improve the foreign exchange market, international investments in India and transactions. The RBI promoted the development of the financial market in the last years, allowed online banking in 2001 and established a new payment system in 2004 - 2005 (National Electronic Fund Transfer).[19] The Security Printing & Minting Corporation of India Ltd., a merger of nine institutions, was founded in 2006 and produces banknotes and coins.[20]

The national economy's growth rate came down to 5.8% in the last quarter of 2008 - 2009[21] and the central bank promotes the economic development.[22]

[edit] Structure[edit] Central Board of DirectorsThe Central Board of Directors is the main committee of the central bank and has not more than 20 members. The government of the republic appoints the directors for a four year term.

Central Board of Directors Name Position Duvvuri Subbarao Governor Shyamala Gopinath Deputy Governor K. C. Chakrabarty Deputy Governor Subir Gokarn Deputy Governor Anand Sinha Deputy Governor Y. H.