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Swine
In swine, infection with Brahcyspira pilosicoli causes a disease known porcine intestinal spirochetosis. Clinical signs associated with the disease include reduced productivity, hemorrhagic colitis and bloody diarrhea. The diarrhea typically resolves quickly, but may persist in some animals. Stressors such as weaning and mixing predispose pigs to the disease and are the times when the disease occurs most frequently. Infection causes decreased feed intake and body weight gain, which has economic impacts for producers. The most common sources of infection include pens, feed and water that are contaminated with Brahcyspira pilosicoli as well as infected personnel and equipment.

Poultry
In poultry, infection with Brachyspira pilosicoli causes a characteristic disease called avian intestinal spirochetosis (AIS). The disease is associated with severe watery diarrhea and reduced productivity. The disease occurs most frequently in laying hens and breeding flocks. The risk of colonization with Brachyspira pilosicoli increases as birds age. Therefore, it is unlikely to see AIS in broiler chickens because the birds are typically slaughtered before they come in contact with the bacteria. In layers, AIS results in decreased egg production, delayed onset of egg production, dirty eggs, reduced egg quality and increased mortality. Chicks hatched from hens colonized with Brachyspira pilosicoli have reduced growth rates and experiences wet feces. Avian intestinal spirochetosis has been reported globally. The reported global prevalence of the disease varies by country from 17% to 68%. Colonization with Brachyspira pilosicoli has been reported in other avian species, including

Humans
Infection with Brahcyspira pilosicoli causes human colonic spirochetosis, also termed intestinal spirochetosis. Clinical signs of the disease include diarrhea, headaches, bloating, cramping, rectal bleeding and colitis. However, the majority of infections are asymptomatic. Intestinal spirochetosis occurs more commonly in developing countries compared to developed countries. The prevalence of infection in developing countries varies based on the country and lifestyle. Epidemiological data from individuals living in Bali, Indonesia indicate that the prevalence of colonization is between 11-12%. Previous studies have shown that the prevalence of colonization can be as high as 20-25%. In developed countries, immunocompromised individuals, individuals living with HIV and homosexual men have an increased risk of infection. Colonization with Brahcyspira pilosicoli is often an incidental finding on rectal biopsy or fecal samples.