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The Peninj Mandible (Peninj 1), also called Natron mandible, is the fossilized lower jaw and teeth of an australopithecine specimen, likely that of  Australopithecus boisei or a similar popualtion. It was discovered in West Lake Natron, in the Arusha Region of Tanzania by Kamoya Kimeu, Glynn Isaac, and Richard Leakey in 1964.

This mandible (jaw) is estimated to be 1.5 million years old and it is characterized as having a robust build with large molars and reduced incisors. The specimen is believed to be an adult male.

Discovery
Peninj 1 was found in 1964 at a site in Tanzania called Peninj, west of Lake Natron and about 80 km (50 miles) from Olduvai Gorge, a major paleoanthropological site. On the 11th of January, fossil hunter Kamoya Kimeu was crossing the western side of Lake Natron as part of a team led by Richard Leakey when he discovered the mandible buried in ancient volcanic ash in situ (cite blog post). Later that year, Louis Leakey, his wife Mary Leakey and their son Richard, announced the discovery of the Peninj Mandible in an article published in Nature.

Together with the OH 5 cranium, the nearly complete mandible of Peninj 1 showed that this East African species was even more "robust" than other hominin specimens found in southern Africa.

Morphology and interpretations
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 * 1) Schaffer, W. M. (1968). Character displacement and the evolution of the Hominidae. The American Naturalist, 102(928), 559-571.
 * 2) Journal of Eastern African Research and Development. East African Literature Bureau. 1974. p. 129. The mandible was discovered by Kamoya Kimeu in 1964, during an expedition conducted by Richard Leakey and Glynn Isaac.
 * 3) Gray, R., R. Hentschke, S. Isaac, R. Mead, A. Ozturk, P. Rieley, K. Smale, and R. Stern. "Sampling variation of reported results." Nature 234, no. 5326 (1971): 230-231.
 * 4) de la Torre, I., Mora, R., & Martínez-Moreno, J. (2008). The early Acheulean in Peninj (Lake Natron, Tanzania). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 27(2), 244-264.
 * 5) https://cennathis.com/2015/01/11/eventlog-11th-of-january-1964-discovery-of-peninj-1/
 * 6) https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-robust-australopiths-84076648/
 * 7) Leakey, L. S. B. & Leakey, M. D. Recent discoveries of fossil hominids in Tanganyika: at Olduvai and near Lake Natron. Nature 202, 5-7 (1964). doi:10.1038/202005a0