User:Dmazero/sandbox

I plan on continuing to add content to the Islamophobia in the United States article. Specifically, I hope to contribute to the following sections: "In the Workplace and Hate Crimes". For the "In the Workplace section", I want to articulate the chronological evolution of discrimination, in the hopes of identifying causal mechanisms or conducive attitudes or environments and industries that make discrimination possible. In the "Hate Crimes section", I hope to build upon the existing statistics and case studies that describe existing hate crimes. Specifically, I would like to detail the sociological inducements that contribute to the activation of hate. This could include the racialization of Muslims, or the symbols of the Islamic faith that are worn by people. Lastly, I plan on adding a new section entitled "Muslim Women". This section would seek to describe western attitudes and generalizations about how the Islamic faith implicitly delegates women as a second class citizenry, depriving them of agency. The description of attitudes would also be accompanied by verses in the Qu'ran that may lead people to believe that this is the case.

Section: In the Workplace

i.             Longo, Peter J., and Joan M. Blauwkamp. "Workplace Religious Accommodation for Muslims and The Promise of State Constitutionalism ." Great Plains Research 21, no. 1  (2011): 3-15. Accessed February 5, 2018. JSTOR. Keyword: Muslim Discrimination.

This article examines whether or not the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 can protect religious minorities from harassment and accord more tolerance for religious customs than is currently practiced. It details several case studies in which religious accommodations may be sought via state government venues, in light of the failures of federal legislation.

ii. Kaushal, Neeraj, Robert Kaestner, and Cordelia Reimers. "Labor Market Effects of September 11th on Arab and Muslim Residents of the United States ." The Journal of Human Resources 42, no. 2 (2007): 275-308. Accessed February 06, 2018. JSTOR. Keyword: Religion in the Workplace.

This article seeks to study whether or not the 9/11 terrorist attacks had any tangible effects on employment, earnings, and residential mobility of first and second generation Arab and Muslim men in the U.S.

iii. Ghumman, Sonia, Ann Marie Ryan, Lizabeth A. Barclay, and Karen. S. Markel. "Religious Discrimination in the Workplace: A Review and Examination of Current and Future Trends ." Journal of Business and Psychology 28, no. 4 (2013): 439-54. Accessed February 06, 2018. JSTOR. Keyword: Religion in the Workplace.

This is a literature review that researches psychology and business studies on religious discrimination. Within this research, the authors find four trends that contribute to religious discrimination in the workplace: legal ambiguities, increased religious diversity in the American workforce, increasing expression of religious beliefs, and the unique nature of religion. It calls for better education among employers to recognize and combat religious discrimination.

iv. Estreicher, Samuel, and Michael T. Gray. "Religion and the U.S. Workplace." Human Rights 33, no. 3 (2006): 17-20. Accessed February 6, 2018. JSTOR. Keyword: Religion in the Workplace.

This article articulates and analyzes the challenges confronting employers who must both prevent religion- based discrimination and accommodate workers' religious beliefs. Additionally, the authors describe the dearth of assistance provided by Title VII in offering workable ground rules.

Section: Muslim Women

i.             Choo, Kristin. "Walking the Tightrope: Muslim women who practice law are asserting themselves in efforts to reconcile traditional beliefs with modern secular society." ABA Journal 99, no. 2 (February 07, 2018): 38-45. Accessed February 7, 2018. JSTOR. Keyword: Women in Islam.

A legal commentary on how the western perspective assumes that various Islamic law, like Sharia, limit women's agency by restricting their opportunities in various middle eastern and other countries. However, from a different perspective, scholars, many of which are women, argue that Islam not only allows but demands that women be active participants in society.

ii. Ghazal Read, Jen'Nan, and John P. Bartkowski. "To Veil or Not to Veil? A Case Study of Identity Negotiation among Muslim Women in Austin, Texas." Gender and Society 14, no. 3 (2000): 395-417. Accessed February 6, 2018. Women in Islam

This article describes the different meanings and debate about the purpose of the veil in Islam. Some of the meanings differ with respect to Muslim religious elites and Islamic feminists. It also describes how disputes over veiling, antiveiling, and feminism restructure existing or reproduce new gender identities.

iii. McCloud, Aminah B. . "American Muslim Women and U.S. Society ." Journal of Law and Religion 12, no. 1 (February 07, 2018): 51-59. Accessed February 7, 2018. JSTOR. Keyword: Women in Islam.

This article talks about specific verses in the Qur'an that specify a strict dress code that enforces modesty and distinction. In contemporary United States, this type of forced modesty is viewed as a violation of individuality, agency, and subjugation. This article deconstructs the implicit issues of viewing Muslim women without agency just because they're dressed this way.

iv. Moore, Kathleen M. "Visible through the Veil: The Regulation of Islam in American Law." Sociology of Religion 68, no. 3 (2007): 237-51. Accessed February 7, 2018. JSTOR. Keyword: Hate Crimes.

This article examines the Muslim headscarf in light of religious discrimination debates in U.S. public institutions. It details how there are Christian undertones in many public institutions, implying that Christian dominance may encourage intolerance for Islam in public spaces with first amendment protection. It seeks to answer questions about separation of church and state and role of advocacy groups in promoting positions that have influence on how headscarfs are socially constructed.

Section: Hate Crimes

i.             Ahmad, Muneer I. "A Rage Shared by Law: Post -September 11 Racial Violence as Crimes of Passion." California Law Review 92, no. 5 (2004): 1259-330. Accessed February 6, 2018. JSTOR. Keyword: Hate Crimes.

This section of the California Law Review denotes the legal framework that surrounds the increase in violence against Arabs, Muslims, and South Asians. These violent crimes range from murders, assaults, vandalism, verbal harassment etc. It also deals with the sweeping legislation passed in response to the perceived imminent danger post- 9/11 attacks.

ii. Disha, Ilir , James C. Cavendish, and Ryan D. King. "Historical Events and Spaces of Hate: Hate Crimes against Arabs and Muslims in Post - 9/11 America." Social Problems 58, no. 1 (2011): 21-46. Accessed February 6, 2018. JSTOR. Keyword: Hate Crimes.

This article contains research that investigation variation in hate crime against Arabs and Muslims across U.S. counties. They try and answer several questions dealing with sentiments towards Arabs and Muslims prior to 9/11 attacks. Additionally, they want to understand the sociological factors that make Arabs and Muslims more at risk for attacks. Then, they seek to compare condition pre and post 9/11 attacks that made hate crimes likely among Arab and Muslim populations.

iii. Seecharran, Annetta. ""Just Don't Act Muslim": Reflections from a Queens- based Community Organizers ." Race/ Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts 4, no. 3 (2011): 399-403. Accessed February 6, 2018. JSTOR. Keyword: Hate Crimes.

In this article, the author documents the way a Queens- based organization expanded its agenda and programs to provides mental counseling, legal services, and education among the South Asian community.